“…Our study provides the first evidence that the co-expression of NGAL-R and CD38 is a high-value target in CLL. Beyond CLL, the expression rates of CD38 and NGAL-R are high in other tumors such as acute and chronic myeloid leukemias [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], epithelial carcinomas (esophagus, liver, kidney, endometrial carcinomas) [ 13 , 24 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ] and gliomas [ 51 , 56 ]. Although these studies separately showed elevated expressions of CD38 and NGAL-R, it is very likely that both antigens are co-expressed in these tumors, and therefore suggest that a combination of anti-CD38/NGAL-R Abs may offer new therapeutic options for the management of these cancers.…”