Lipids in Viruses

Blough, Herbert A.; Tiffany, John M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-024911-4.50014-3

Cited by 53 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…In this regard, experiments comparing the susceptibility of infected and uninfected cells to AME may be of interest. Differences in the composition of viral lipids depend not only on the virus and host cell but also upon the composition of the medium (2,10). Viral lipid composition may be subject to manipulation by environmental factors, with the result that susceptibility to AME could be enhanced.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Effects of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester

Jordan

Seet

1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The methyl ester of amphotericin B (AME) is water soluble, retains antifungal activity, and is significantly less toxic in mammals than amphotericin B. In contrast to amphotericin B, which is not water soluble, AME exhibits antiviral effects against vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Sindbis virus, and vaccinia virus in a plaque reduction assay. No antiviral effects could be demonstrated against the unenveloped adenovirus type 4 or echovirus type 11. The extent of virus inactivation was found to be dependent upon the AME concentration, contact time, and temperature. No consistent effect of the virus concentration on the probability of plaque-forming unit inactivation could be determined. The antiviral effects of AME were partially antagonized by the presence of serum. Binding of AME to vesicular stomatitis virus was demonstrated by the comigration of drug and virus in linear sucrose gradients. AME represents a new class of antiviral agents with activity at concentrations relevant to therapeutics. Sterol components of the host cell membrane that become incorporated into the viral envelope are postulated as the site of reaction with AME.Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antimicrobical agent that is currently the most effective agent available for the treatment of many systemic fungal infections in man. The biological properties of the polyenes result primarily from interaction with sterol components of the cell membrane (6). The major disadvantages of amphotericin B are its poor solubility in water, necessitating stabilization of suspensions with deoxycholate, and its numerous toxic side effects. In contrast, the methyl ester of amphotericin B (AME) is water soluble and less toxic and retains antifungal activity (3,8). Recently, activity of AME against herpesviruses has been reported (11). We describe the binding of AME to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the kinetics of the antiviral action, and the spectrum of activity against several classes of enveloped and unenveloped viruses. MATERLALS AND METHODSReagents. Cells were grown in Eagle basal medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Maintenance medium consisted of Eagle basal medium with 2% FBS. Gentamicin (10 ug/ml) was added to all media. Hanks balanced salt solution with 0.5% gelatin, but no serum, was used for the dilution of viruses and AME.The hydrochloride of AME was kindly supplied, as a yellow, dry powder, by Carl P. Schaffner, The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. Tritiated AME had a specific activity of 1.2 x 106 dpm/mg. One-half-milliliter portions of a stock solution of AME in sterile distilled water (2 mg/ml) were frozen at -70°C; no turbidity or precipitation was observed.

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confidence: 99%

Antiviral Effects of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester

Jordan

Seet

1978

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Saturated fatty acids are distributed asymmetrically across the virus envelope; biophysical studies suggest that the areas occupied by the acyl chains affect the packing and possibly the asymmetric distribution of phosphatides. The apparent selection of highly saturated molecular species of PE in virus released from persistently infected cells might result from an interaction of virus glycoprotein with the acyl chains, originally proposed by Blough & Tiffany (1973). Recent measurements of protein-lipid interactions by fluorescence polarization, electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have demonstrated that the rotational motion of phospholipid acyl chains is restricted by integral membrane proteins (for review, see Kinosita et al, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phospholipids in a Measles Virus Persistent Infection: Modification of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Fatty Acid Composition of Released Virus

Anderton¹,

Wild²,

Zwingelstein³

1982

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe phospholipid metabolism of a measles virus persistently infected cell line, BGM/Hall6, was compared with that of uninfected BGM cells. Synthesis of phospholipid from the isotopic precursor [32p]phosphate was unaffected, but a significant increase in the synthesis of phospholipid from [3H-9,10(n)]palmitic acid was observed in persistently infected cells, reflecting an increase in the palmitic acid content of phospholipid previously described for these cells. The phospholipid composition of measles virus released from persistently infected cells was compared to that of virus from lytically infected BGM cells by radiolabelling to isotopic equilibrium and measuring the incorporation of labelled phosphatides into the virus particle. The incorporation and distribution of [32p]phosphate-labelled phosphatides in virus was similar in lytic and persistent infections. In contrast, the distribution of [3H]palmitic acid among the constituent phosphatides of virus released from the persistent infection was different, partly reflecting the altered saturated fatty acid composition of the phosphatides of the host cell.

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“…Germany properties, and mechanisms of replication, it has become apparent in recent studies that these viruses all possess limiting membranes which are very similar in their basic structural properties. The details of the composition and arrangement of components in viral membranes are described in several recent reviews (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) and will only be summarized briefly here. Some of the general structural features common to lipid-containing viruses which form by budding at the cell surface are as follows: 1) Lipid comprises about 20-30% of the mass of the virus particle and appears t o be present as a bilayer structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly of lipid‐containing viruses

1974

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Enveloped viruses which form by budding a t the cell surface possess a membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer and a small number of virus-coded polypeptides. Since viral polypeptides become integral components of the plasma membrane during assembly, the process of synthesis and incorporation into membranes of these proteins may reflect the pathway of plasma membrane assembly. Electron microscopic studies have suggested that viral envelope proteins are incorporated into discrete, localized regions of the plasma membrane which serve as recognition sites for the viral nucleocapsid. In influenza virus-infected cells, viral polypeptides are associated with cytoplasmic membranes as well as the plasma membrane. The major envelope glycoprotein appears to be synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and to migrate to smooth membranes after synthesis. Glycosylation is initiated in rough membranes and progresses further in smooth membranes. Unlike the glycoproteins, the major nonglycosylated polypeptide appears t o be inserted directly into the plasma membrane. In the presence of 2-deoxyglucose o r high concentrations of glucosamine, aberrant viral glycoproteins are detected which appear t o be unglycosylated or partially glycosylated; these are associated with membranes and incorporated into virus particles of reduced infectivity. Therefore normal glycosylation is not essential for incorporation of viral glycoproteins into cellular membranes or virus particles, but is required for normal biological activity. The role of the viral neuraminidase in assembly and release has been studied using mutants defective in neuraminidase a t restrictive temperature. Under these conditions virus formation occurs, but the progeny form large aggregates a t the cell surface. Colloidal iron hydroxide staining indicates that such virus particles contain neuraminic acid, and these residues appear t o serve as receptors leading t o the extensive aggregation.

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Lipids in Viruses

Cited by 53 publications

References 204 publications

Antiviral Effects of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester

Antiviral Effects of Amphotericin B Methyl Ester

Phospholipids in a Measles Virus Persistent Infection: Modification of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Fatty Acid Composition of Released Virus

Assembly of lipid‐containing viruses

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