Lipids in Algae, Lichens and Mosses

Goss, Reimund; Wilhelm, Christian

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_6

Cited by 42 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…The TAG concentration in diatoms ranges from 0.3 to 47.7% of total lipids (Volkman et al 1989;Dunstan et al 1994) and depends on nutrient availability, irradiance, growth phase and medium, salinity, pH and temperature (Brown et al 1996;Lynn et al 2000;Hu et al 2008;Obata et al 2013). The thylakoid membrane of diatoms consists of the same lipid classes like in vascular plants (Goss and Wilhelm 2010) and green algae (Vieler et al 2007) with the difference that diatoms have a much higher content of negatively charged lipids, such as SQDG and PG (Vieler et al 2007;Goss et al 2009). This supports our findings with SQDG being the most abundant polar lipid in N. cf.…”

Section: Lipid Class Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prolonged darkness and temperature on the lipid metabolism in the benthic diatom Navicula perminuta from the Arctic Adventfjorden, Svalbard

et al. 2017

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which could consequently lead to a depletion of this energy reserves before the end of the polar night. On the other hand, the membrane building phospho-and glycolipids remained unchanged during the 8 weeks darkness, indicating still intact thylakoid membranes. These results explain the shorter survival times of polar diatoms with increasing water temperatures during prolonged dark periods. Abstract The Arctic represents an extreme habitat for phototrophic algae due to long periods of darkness caused by the polar night (~4 months darkness). Benthic diatoms, which dominate microphytobenthic communities in shallow water regions, can survive this dark period, but the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not well understood. One of the potential mechanisms for long-term dark survival is the utilisation of stored energy products in combination with a reduced basic metabolism. In recent years, water temperatures in the Arctic increased due to an ongoing global warming. Higher temperatures could enhance the cellular energy requirements for the maintenance metabolism during darkness and, therefore, accelerate the consumption of lipid reserves. In this study, we investigated the macromolecular ratios and the lipid content and composition of Navicula cf. perminuta Grunow, an Arctic benthic diatom isolated from the microphytobenthos of Adventfjorden (Svalbard, Norway), over a dark period of 8 weeks at two different temperatures (0 and 7 °C). The results demonstrate that N. perminuta uses the stored lipid compound triacylglycerol (TAG) during prolonged dark periods, but also the pool of free fatty acids (FFA). Under the enhanced temperature of 7 °C, the lipid resources were used significantly faster than at 0 °C, Keywords

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Section: Lipid Class Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prolonged darkness and temperature on the lipid metabolism in the benthic diatom Navicula perminuta from the Arctic Adventfjorden, Svalbard

et al. 2017

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“…The fatty acids in algae oil are not only present as triacylglycerides but also as diacylglycerides, substituted with polar substituents such as galactosyl or phosphate groups on the third hydroxy moiety of glycerol. 20 Furthermore, as indicated by its green colour, the extracted algae oil also contains other components such as carotenoids and chlorophylls. For the identification of the possible products arising from the variety of different unsaturated fatty acids present in the crude algae oil, metathesis was conducted on selected individual fatty acids as model compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-chain carboxylic acids by catalytic refining of microalgae oil

et al. 2017

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Microalgae oil serves as a feedstock for a biorefinery approach to mid-chain (di-)carboxylic acid esters, currently only accessible via demanding synthetic routes. Via the butenolysis of mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, short-chain unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and mono-and di-enes were produced in a high selectivity. These olefins were further processed into value added linear mid-chain (di-)carboxylic acid esters via isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation. Model compounds such as eicosapentaenoic acid were used to study the reactions including the screening of metathesis catalysts and to identify all formed products. Notably, eicosapentaenoic acid, a five-fold unsaturated fatty acid relatively abundant in algae, is successfully converted to four equivalents of heptadiene, which was carbonylated to the linear diester (dimethyl azelate). The butenolysis and subsequent isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation were performed on the algae oil extracted from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Despite the multicomponent mixture of numerous lipids and non-lipid compounds present in algae oil, high conversion and high selectivity for the desired products were achieved in both reactions. This approach provides access to several carboxylic mono-and di-acid esters of chain length ranging from C6 to C12 (amongst others azelaic acid ester, suberic acid ester and dodecanedioic acid ester), that are in demand but to which access is limited currently, fully based on algae oils as a renewable resource.

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“…Algae growth through photosynthesis is dependent on light intensity, temperature, salinity, pH, and availability of nutrients [1]. Abiotic stress from variations in these conditions has been shown to affect lipid composition and quantities [2]. Modeling a wide range of culture conditions will reduce the need for large expensive measurements.…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When temperatures deviate from ideal, growth rates diminish. Temperatures higher than ideal for growth tend to cause reduced lipid production while lower temperatures tend to increase lipid production (at low temperatures, algae produce more lipids to prevent membrane hardening) [1][2][3].…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of algae growth constitutive relations for improved algae modeling.

Gharagozloo¹,

Drewry²

2013

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This SAND report summarizes research conducted as a part of a two year Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project to improve our abilities to model algal cultivation. Algae-based biofuels have generated much excitement due to their potentially large oil yield from relatively small land use and without interfering with the food or water supply. Algae mitigate atmospheric CO 2 through metabolism. Efficient production of algal biofuels could reduce dependence on foreign oil by providing a domestic renewable energy source. Important factors controlling algal productivity include temperature, nutrient concentrations, salinity, pH, and the light-to-biomass conversion rate. Computational models allow for inexpensive predictions of algae growth kinetics in these non-ideal conditions for various bioreactor sizes and geometries without the need for multiple expensive measurement setups. However, these models need to be calibrated for each algal strain. In this work, we conduct a parametric study of key marine algae strains and apply the findings to a computational model. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors of this SAND report acknowledge the following people who provided additional assistance to enable the success of the project:Todd Lane -guidance with lab-scale growth measurements Pam Lane -guidance with lab-scale growth measurements Scott James -guidance with EFDC and CE-QUAL models Jerilyn Timlin -providing greenhouse and raceway data and general guidance Ben Wu -program development Neal Fornaciari -program development Blake Simmons -program development Greg Wagner -program support Ryan Davis -Dunaliella salina guidance Dave Brekke -help procuring lab space for lab-scale measurements Aaron Collins -conducting greenhouse and absorptivity measurements Howland Jones -absorptivity calculations Kathy Alam -absorptivity measurements Laura Martin -absorptivity measurements 5

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Lipids in Algae, Lichens and Mosses

Cited by 42 publications

References 139 publications

Effects of prolonged darkness and temperature on the lipid metabolism in the benthic diatom Navicula perminuta from the Arctic Adventfjorden, Svalbard

Effects of prolonged darkness and temperature on the lipid metabolism in the benthic diatom Navicula perminuta from the Arctic Adventfjorden, Svalbard

Mid-chain carboxylic acids by catalytic refining of microalgae oil

Formation of algae growth constitutive relations for improved algae modeling.

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