Lipids from Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn Seeds by Supercritical CO2: Extraction and Optimization of Parameters by Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was employed to extract lipids from Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds in semi-batch process at various operating conditions to optimize extraction process. The extraction processes were carried out at 40-60 o C and 20-40 MPa with 2-4 ml min-1 CO2 flow rates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 33 factorial design combined with statistical was used to optimize variables in the process of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds lipids extraction with supercritical CO2. The FT-IR spectra indicated that the Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds components were extracted by supercritical CO2. The SEM images also indicated that the physical changes in the surface of the Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds occurred after supercritical CO2 extraction treatment. The maximum of extracted lipids was 0.47 g/g-sample when the extraction was conducted at a temperature of 80 o C and pressure of 40 MPa with CO2 flow rate of 3 ml min-1. The GC-MS analysis showed that the extracted lipids mainly composed of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). The analysis of experimental design demonstrated that pressure and temperature were the influential variables on the lipids extraction.

Enhancement of Lipid Extraction from Soya Bean by Addition of Dimethyl Ether as Entrainer into Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

“…Supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) is the most commonly used extraction solvent for supercritical fluid extraction and is neither toxic nor flammable. It exhibits selectivity because of its low viscosity, high diffusivity, and density between that of a liquid and a gas [1][2][3][4]. SC-CO 2 is suitable for the extraction of non-polar substances; for example, vegetable neutral lipids such as C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 have been selectively extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds [2].…”

“…It exhibits selectivity because of its low viscosity, high diffusivity, and density between that of a liquid and a gas [1][2][3][4]. SC-CO 2 is suitable for the extraction of non-polar substances; for example, vegetable neutral lipids such as C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 have been selectively extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn seeds [2]. These studies have shown that the higher the operating pressure of SC-CO 2 , the higher the extracted amounts, and such studies have been carried out at a maximum pressure of 40 MPa, although this is dependent on the mechanical strength of the equipment required for experiments.…”

“…Elemental composition of extract obtained by SC-CO2 and SC-CO2 with DME. By difference, so other elements are included 2. Calculation from a molecular formula.…”