Lipidomic Changes in Banana (Musa cavendish) during Ripening and Comparison of Extraction by Folch and Bligh–Dyer Methods

Abstract

Banana (Musa cavendish) is one of the most popular fruits globally and is an important foodstuff in many regions, attributed to its high nutritional value. Contrast to its high consumption volume, relatively little research has been conducted on banana lipidome. In this study, two classic lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bligh−Dyer, were compared for studying the banana lipidome in both the peel and pulp by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Lipidomic profiles were also investigated to understand the changes of lipid molecules during three ripening stages (unripe, ripe, and overripe), and differences in lipids from different origins were also compared. This study suggested that although both Folch and Bligh−Dyer methods allow lipidome investigation, the latter demonstrated advantage in rendering higher extraction efficiency for the majority of lipid molecules in banana samples, particularly in the pulp. In peel, there were differences in the trends of each lipid classes at various stages of maturity, while the majority of lipid classes in pulp reached the highest levels with reduced desaturation at ripe stage, consistent with previous studies. Moreover, the lipidomic profiles of bananas in different habitats differed significantly according to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. This study for the first time provided comprehensive atlas of lipidomic changes of Musa cavendish during maturity and in different origins. These findings will facilitate better understanding of biochemical changes in banana and offer new tools for food chemical analyses in the understanding of mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism.

Normal-Phase HPLC-ELSD to Compare Lipid Profiles of Different Wheat Flours

“…In banana, up to 143 lipid molecular species were detected with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. These included 34 TAGs, 24 PCs, 18 DAGs, 16 phosphatidylethanolamines and 15 LPCs [9]. Therefore, it is not possible to use synthesized lipids or lipids purified from a random source as a standard to prepare a calibration curve which represents the response of a lipid class irrespective of the FA composition.…”

“…Despite the emerging success of mass spectrometry (as an important tool in lipidomics) [5][6][7][8][9][10], traditional chromatographic techniques remain widely used for food lipid analysis [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) is particularly useful for separating lipids into individual classes according to the number and type of polar functional groups and has successfully been used to study the lipid composition of samples of various origin [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

The effect of maturity and tissue on the ability of mid infrared spectroscopy to predict the geographical origin of banana (Musa Cavendish)

“…Banana ( Musa Cavendish ) is one of the most widely consumed fruits globally on a daily basis, and is one of the most important foodstuffs in many regions (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020). Banana trees are grown in high abundance in most tropical and subtropical regions which are primarily commercialised for export (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020).…”

“…Banana ( Musa Cavendish ) is one of the most widely consumed fruits globally on a daily basis, and is one of the most important foodstuffs in many regions (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020). Banana trees are grown in high abundance in most tropical and subtropical regions which are primarily commercialised for export (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020). Cavendish banana has high nutritional value in addition to its bioactive chemical compounds of high medicinal value from both the peel and pulp (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020).…”

“…Banana trees are grown in high abundance in most tropical and subtropical regions which are primarily commercialised for export (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020). Cavendish banana has high nutritional value in addition to its bioactive chemical compounds of high medicinal value from both the peel and pulp (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020). The peel is rich in starch, total dietary fibre, proteins, lipids, amino acids and potassium (Emaga et al ., 2007; Ndlovu et al ., 2019; Sun et al ., 2020).…”