Lipid storage and mobilization in insects: current status and future directions

Arrese, Estela L.; Canavoso, Lilián Etelvina; Jouni, Zeina E.; Pennington, James E.; Tsuchida, Kozo; Wells, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00102-8

Cited by 214 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Similar phenotypes, affecting fat body and midgut lipid droplets, were described in studies of lipophorin knockdown in the fat body (Panakova et al 2005;Palm et al 2012). Lipophorin is the lipoprotein responsible for translocation of dietary fat from the midgut to the fat body during larval development (Arrese et al 2001;Canavoso et al 2001;Van Der Horst et al 2009;Van Der Horst and Rodenburg 2010). The similarity of the b-spectrin overexpression and lipophorin knockdown phenotypes led us to examine the effect of b-spectrin over-and underexpression on the behavior of lipophorin.…”

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confidence: 66%

Genetic Studies of Spectrin in the Larval Fat Body ofDrosophila melanogaster: Evidence for a Novel Lipid Uptake Apparatus

et al. 2013

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Spectrin cytoskeleton defects produce a host of phenotypes affecting the plasma membrane, cell polarity, and secretory membrane traffic. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplained by prevailing models. Here we used the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model system to further elucidate mechanisms of ab-spectrin function. The results provide unexpected new insights into spectrin function as well as mechanisms of dietary fat uptake and storage. We show that loss of a-or b-spectrin in the fat body eliminated a population of small cortical lipid droplets and altered plasma membrane architecture, but did not affect viability of the organism. We present a novel model in which ab-spectrin directly couples lipid uptake at the plasma membrane to lipid droplet growth in the cytoplasm. In contrast, strong overexpression of b-spectrin caused fat body atrophy and larval lethality. Overexpression of b-spectrin also perturbed transport of dietary fat from the midgut to the fat body. This hypermorphic phenotype appears to be the result of blocking secretion of the lipid carrier lipophorin from fat cells. However, this midgut phenotype was never seen with spectrin loss of function, suggesting that spectrin is not normally required for lipophorin secretion or function. The b-spectrin hypermorphic phenotype was ameliorated by co-overexpression of a-spectrin. Based on the overexpression results here, we propose that b-spectrin family members may be prone to hypermorphic effects (including effects on secretion) if their activity is not properly regulated. MEMBERS of the spectrin and ankyrin gene families are ubiquitous in animal cells and defects in these genes are responsible for a range of inherited human disorders, including spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) (Ikeda et al. 2006), anemia (Lux andPalek 1995), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Koenig et al. 1988). In most cases, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process are incompletely understood. Spectrin and ankyrin are most familiar as components of a subplasma membrane protein scaffold known as the spectrin cytoskeleton (Baines 2010). In one long-standing hypothesis the spectrin cytoskeleton is thought to capture and stabilize interacting membrane proteins as they arrive at the cell surface, creating domains of specialized composition and function (Dubreuil 2006).Recent genetic studies in a number of model systems suggest that spectrin and ankyrin have further roles in intracellular membrane traffic (Kizhatil et al. 2007(Kizhatil et al. , 2009Ayalon et al. 2008;Stabach et al. 2008;Clarkson et al. 2010;Lorenzo et al. 2010;Tjota et al. 2011).Given the conservation of spectrin and ankyrin genes between vertebrates and invertebrates, one would expect that their functions should also be conserved. Indeed, as is the case in vertebrates, loss-of-function mutations of a-and b-spectrin and ankyrin2 in Drosophila are lethal early in development (Lee et al. 1993;Dubreuil et al. 2000;Koch et al. 2008;Pielag...

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confidence: 66%

Genetic Studies of Spectrin in the Larval Fat Body ofDrosophila melanogaster: Evidence for a Novel Lipid Uptake Apparatus

et al. 2013

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“…Alternatively, similar to the stockpiling of mRNA for use after gametogenesis 42 , neutral lipids could be accumulated for rapid utilization in the transition from gametes to zygote. The lipid body-like structure could also serve as a 'buffer' organelle: TAG is a major lipid component of the insect diet, but is rapidly absorbed from the midgut 43 . In the haemolymph of the mosquito, TAG is bound to lipophorin potentially rendering it inaccessible to the parasite 44 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A female gametocyte-specific ABC transporter plays a role in lipid metabolism in the malaria parasite

et al. 2014

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ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters serve a variety of physiological functions as well as play key roles in drug resistance. The genome of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, encodes multiple members of this family, one of which, gABCG2, is transcribed predominantly in the gametocyte stage. Here we use gene deletion and tagging to investigate the expression, localization and function of gABCG2. The protein is found in a single dot-like lipid-rich structure within female, but not male, gametocytes. gABCG2-knockout cell lines produce more gametocytes of both sexes. By contrast, cholesteryl esters, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols are significantly reduced in gABCG2-knockout gametocyte stages. We propose a role for gABCG2 in the regulation of gametocyte numbers and in the accumulation of neutral lipids, which are likely important for parasite development in the insect stages of the parasite life cycle.

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“…As most insects are neither able to synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (hereafter PUFAs; but Blomquist et al, 1982;Beenakkers et al, 1985) nor the tetracyclic steroid nucleus required for the synthesis of sterols (Behmer and Nes, 2003) de novo, they depend on exogenous sources for successful development and reproduction (Al-Izzi and Hopkins, 1982;Beenakkers et al, 1985;Turunen, 1990;Behmer and Grebenok, 1998;Svoboda, 1999;Mondy and Corio-Costet, 2000). In butterflies, lipid requirements are thought to be mainly covered by larval-derived storage depots in the fat body (Behmer and Grebenok, 1998;Arrese et al, 2001). Fruit-feeding butterflies, though, may have access to noticeable amounts of adult-derived lipids, whose importance, in contrast to larval-derived ones, is currently unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of adult nutrition on female reproduction in a fruit-feeding butterfly: The role of fruit decay and dietary lipids

Bauerfeind

Fischer

Hartstein

et al. 2007

Journal of Insect Physiology

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It was generally believed that butterflies and other holometabolous insects rely primarily on reserves accumulated during the larval stage for reproduction. Recent studies, however, highlight the often fundamental importance of adult nutrition to realize the full reproductive potential. While the importance of carbohydrates is fairly well understood, the role of most other adult-derived substances is only partially resolved. We here focus on the effects of dietary lipids (cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and fruit decay (dietary yeast, ethanol) on female reproduction in the tropical, fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Nymphalidae). We found that banana-fed control females outperformed all other groups fed on sucrose-based diets. Lipids, yeast or ethanol added to a sugar solution did not yield a similarly high reproductive output compared to fruit-fed females. Groups fed fresh or decaying banana showed no differences in reproductive performance. As we could not identify a single pivotal substance, we conclude that resource congruence (the use of nutrient types in a specified ratio) rather than any specific nutrient component is of key importance for maximum reproductive output. Further, dietary quality may affect egg hatching success in spite of no obvious effects on egg size and number. Thus, any implications about potential fitness effects of different diets need to consider egg (and hatchling) viability in addition to fecundity. r

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Lipid storage and mobilization in insects: current status and future directions

Cited by 214 publications

References 79 publications

Genetic Studies of Spectrin in the Larval Fat Body ofDrosophila melanogaster: Evidence for a Novel Lipid Uptake Apparatus

Genetic Studies of Spectrin in the Larval Fat Body ofDrosophila melanogaster: Evidence for a Novel Lipid Uptake Apparatus

A female gametocyte-specific ABC transporter plays a role in lipid metabolism in the malaria parasite

Effects of adult nutrition on female reproduction in a fruit-feeding butterfly: The role of fruit decay and dietary lipids

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