“…However, the impact of PNMS on cardiometabolic outcomes among humans is not entirely clear. Studies of the offspring of women whose nutrition was marginal during pregnancy, such as during the Dutch Famine, reveal associations among adverse conditions in utero and later adiposity, cardiovascular disease risk, and appetite homeostasis (17)(18)(19), with variations based on the timing of exposure during gestation (20). Maternal stress likely impacts outcomes (20), but it is difficult to determine the extent of its role independent of, or in association with, severe nutrient restriction.…”