Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles with Both PD-L1 Knockdown and Mild Photothermal Effect for Tumor Photothermal Immunotherapy

Self-Delivery Nanoplatform Based on Amphiphilic Apoptosis Peptide for Precise Mitochondria-Targeting Photothermal Therapy

“…However, to achieve precise mitochondria photothermal therapy, obstacles in the delivery process must be overcome and guarantee successful anchoring of photothermal agents to mitochondria. , Therefore, nanoplatforms used for precise mitochondria photothermal therapy must have good stability, excellent cellular uptake ability, precise mitochondria-targeting function, and excellent photothermal conversion performance. , The near-infrared indocyanine dye IR780 not only has excellent near-infrared photothermal conversion performance, but also has tumor/mitochondria-targeting ability due to its specific bind to organic anion transport peptides and characteristics of lipophilic delocalized cations, making it a highly promising mitochondria-targeting phototherapeutic agent. , However, limited solubility, poor stability, rapid metabolism, and nonselective toxicity of IR780 have severely hindered its biological application. , Encapsulating IR780 in a carrier can effectively overcome these shortcomings and improve its application efficiency in vivo . , Amphiphilic branched peptide carriers have been widely used for drug encapsulation due to their good biocompatibility, ease of modification, and diverse biological functions. , Among them, amphiphilic apoptosis peptide KLA can not only effectively encapsulate therapeutic agents through hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, but also has dual functions of mitochondria-targeting and inducing apoptosis. , Therefore, the amphiphilic apoptosis peptide shows unique advantages and potential in achieving mitochondria-targeting drug encapsulation. , …”

PEI-Based Nanoparticles for Tumor Immunotherapy via In Situ Antigen-Capture Triggered by Photothermal Therapy

“…Several cancer vaccines based on neoantigens have been shown to be safe and effective in clinical studies. − Cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptors and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4), bring hope to reversing “cold tumors” that are resistant to conventional immunotherapies. ,, Traditional strategies of treating tumors (such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, − photothermal therapy, etc.) can cause tumor cells to undergo immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to in situ production of tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as calreticulin (CRT), − which may induce tumor-specific immune response. − However, most tumor antigens are very low in quantity, structurally diverse, prone to degradation, and only weakly immunogenic, therefore not sufficient to activate the immune system …”