RESEARCHS eed moisture content and storage temperature are usually considered to be the main factors in retaining seed viability. In 1976, the International Board of Plant Genetic Resources recommended a moisture content of 5 ± 1% and a storage temperature of -18°C as the ideal conditions for long-term preservation of germplasm resources. At present, refrigeration is the most common means of seed storage. In many developing countries, due to limited financial power, refrigerated storage is not an option, so finding the best way to store seeds under ambient conditions has merit.In an extremely dry state, some seeds remain viable for hundreds to thousands of years (Steiner and Ruckenbauer, 1995;Telewski and Zeevaart, 2002). A number of studies have shown that storage of some seeds dehydrated to <5% moisture content (the traditional safe moisture content) at the normal temperature can achieve good results, even better than those achieved by storing seeds at low temperature (Buitink and Leprince, 2004). Thus, ultra-dry storage was produced, which is a technique for decreasing seed moisture content under 5%. Actually, drying or cooling a seed increases the intracellular viscosity, which results in slowed chemical and physical reactions ABSTRACT In this study, the feasibility of ultra-dry storage of Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds was investigated. The J. curcas seeds were dehydrated to six different moisture contents (1.33-6.98%) and stored at ambient temperature for 3 yr. Then, the indices related to seed vigor were measured. To explore the mechanism of ultradry storage, some physiological and biochemical indicators, including electrical conductivity (EC); contents of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA); activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR); total soluble sugar content; and fatty acid composition, were determined. Results indicated that moisture content and prehumidification method significantly affected seed germination and vigor. The ultra-dried seeds showed a higher germination percentage than nondehydrated seeds. The germination percentage of ultra-dried seeds was negatively correlated with EC and MDA content and positively correlated with the activities of five antioxidant enzymes. As compared with the nondehydrated seeds, the ultra-dried seeds had lower soluble sugar and higher unsaturated fatty acids contents. The moisture content of 4.06% was found to be the optimal ultra-drying treatment, which is beneficial to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, thereby slowing the decline in viability of J. curcas seeds.