Lipid patterns in the saliva of smoking young adults

Palmerini, Carlo Alberto; Saccardi, Carla; Ferracci, Federica; Arienti, Simona

doi:10.1177/0960327111398672

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Ether lipid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms are associated with smoking [1,49]. The decreased level of lysoPC a C18:2 reflects the inhibition of upstream synthesis and activation of downstream hydrolysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on human serum metabolite profile: results from the KORA cohort study

Holzapfel

Dong

et al. 2013

BMC Med

120

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BackgroundMetabolomics helps to identify links between environmental exposures and intermediate biomarkers of disturbed pathways. We previously reported variations in phosphatidylcholines in male smokers compared with non-smokers in a cross-sectional pilot study with a small sample size, but knowledge of the reversibility of smoking effects on metabolite profiles is limited. Here, we extend our metabolomics study with a large prospective study including female smokers and quitters.MethodsUsing targeted metabolomics approach, we quantified 140 metabolite concentrations for 1,241 fasting serum samples in the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) human cohort at two time points: baseline survey conducted between 1999 and 2001 and follow-up after seven years. Metabolite profiles were compared among groups of current smokers, former smokers and never smokers, and were further assessed for their reversibility after smoking cessation. Changes in metabolite concentrations from baseline to the follow-up were investigated in a longitudinal analysis comparing current smokers, never smokers and smoking quitters, who were current smokers at baseline but former smokers by the time of follow-up. In addition, we constructed protein-metabolite networks with smoking-related genes and metabolites.ResultsWe identified 21 smoking-related metabolites in the baseline investigation (18 in men and six in women, with three overlaps) enriched in amino acid and lipid pathways, which were significantly different between current smokers and never smokers. Moreover, 19 out of the 21 metabolites were found to be reversible in former smokers. In the follow-up study, 13 reversible metabolites in men were measured, of which 10 were confirmed to be reversible in male quitters. Protein-metabolite networks are proposed to explain the consistent reversibility of smoking effects on metabolites.ConclusionsWe showed that smoking-related changes in human serum metabolites are reversible after smoking cessation, consistent with the known cardiovascular risk reduction. The metabolites identified may serve as potential biomarkers to evaluate the status of smoking cessation and characterize smoking-related diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on human serum metabolite profile: results from the KORA cohort study

Holzapfel

Dong

et al. 2013

BMC Med

120

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“…Saliva contains neutral lipids; cholesterol; mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides; free fatty acids; wax esters; cholesterol esters; squalene; and long-chain sphingoid bases (Brasser et al, 2010; Brasser et al, 2011a; Brasser et al, 2011b; Defago et al, 2011; Kensche et al, 2013; Larsson et al, 1996; Palmerini et al, 2011). Many of these lipids have innate immune functions: they are antimicrobial, influence the interaction of oral microorganisms with the salivary pellicle, impede microbial adherence to oral surfaces, and create a hydrophobic layer protecting teeth from demineralization (Bibel et al, 1992; Kensche et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cytotoxicity of long-chain bases for human oral gingival epithelial keratinocytes, oral fibroblasts, and dendritic cells

et al. 2015

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Long-chain bases are present in the oral cavity. Previously we determined that sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and phytosphingosine have potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. Here, we determined the cytotoxicities of long-chain bases for oral cells, an important step in considering their potential as antimicrobial agents for oral infections. This information would clearly help in establishing prophylactic or therapeutic doses. To assess this, human oral gingival epithelial (GE) keratinocytes, oral gingival fibroblasts (GF), and dendritic cells (DC) were exposed to 10.0-640.0 µM long-chain bases and glycerol monolaurate (GML). The effects of long-chain bases on cell metabolism (conversion of resazurin to resorufin), membrane permeability (uptake of propridium iodide or SYTOX-Green), release of cellular contents (LDH), and cell morphology (confocal microscopy) were all determined. GE keratinocytes were more resistant to long-chain bases as compared to GF and DC, which were more susceptible. For DC, 0.2 to 10.0 µM long-chain bases and GML were not cytotoxic; 40.0 to 80.0 µM long-chain bases, but not GML, were cytotoxic; and 80.0 µM long-chain bases induced cellular damage and death in less than 20 minutes. The LD50 of long-chain bases for GE keratinocytes, GF, and DC were considerably higher than their minimal inhibitory concentrations for oral pathogens, a finding important to pursuing their future potential in treating periodontal and oral infections.

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“…Even though the methods were initially developed for the extraction of fat from animal tissues ( 3 ), the simplicity and effi ciency of the solvent systems in extracting a broad range of lipid classes soon made them popular. Currently, these solvent systems are routinely applied for a wide range of biological fl uid samples such as blood, tears ( 4,5 ), urine ( 6, 7 ), saliva ( 8 ), cerebrospinal fl uid ( 9, 10 ), human milk ( 11 ), bronchoalveolar lavage fl uid ( 12,13 ), and sperm ( 14 ). Over the years some modifi cations to the original solvent system composition have been introduced, tested, and evaluated; although these alterations are not always fully described by the authors, which makes comparison of the lipid content and composition of fl uids in similar pathological conditions somewhat diffi cult.…”

Section: Sds-page Electrophoresismentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of five lipid extraction solvent systems for lipidomic studies of human LDL

Reis

Rudnitskaya

Blackburn

et al. 2013

Journal of Lipid Research

211

200

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org functions, in addition to structural roles ( 1 ); consequently lipidomic studies have become fundamental for understanding their contribution to health and disease. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its capability of providing structural information, has been the main method of choice in lipidomic studies. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometers, including increased sensitivity, higher mass accuracy, higher scan speeds, and the ability to acquire in both positive and negative mode in one run have resulted in the increased popularity of MS as a detection technique for biomolecules in recent years. This has enabled the mapping of lipids present in fl uids and cells, leading to better understanding of the role of the different lipid classes in the pathophysiology of diseases.A critical step in lipidomic analysis is lipid extraction with an appropriate organic solvent mixture (solvent system) prior to MS detection. The solvent system should be capable of effectively extracting lipids representative of the sample under study without bias, inducing or promoting the degradation of lipids, or introducing contamination by nonlipid components such as sugars, peptides, and amino acids. Therefore, the success in the identifi cation and profi ling of lipids is critically dependent on the efficiency of the extraction step. The performance of the lipid extraction for a given sample (tissue, cell, or fl uid) with a particular solvent system depends on the partitioning of the

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Lipid patterns in the saliva of smoking young adults

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on human serum metabolite profile: results from the KORA cohort study

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on human serum metabolite profile: results from the KORA cohort study

Differential cytotoxicity of long-chain bases for human oral gingival epithelial keratinocytes, oral fibroblasts, and dendritic cells

A comparison of five lipid extraction solvent systems for lipidomic studies of human LDL

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