Lipid mobilization and inflammatory responses during the transition period of dairy cows

Contreras, G. Andres; Sordillo, Lorraine M.

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2011.01.004

Cited by 203 publications

(188 citation statements)

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“…Mammals in early lactation mobilize large amounts of nutrient reserves, particularly lipid from adipose tissue, in support of lactation. Mobilization of lipid is a normal physiological adaptation in mammals to critical physiological states such as in the periparturient period; however, excessive mobilization has been linked to an increased risk of diseases (Vernon, 2005;Contreras and Sordillo, 2011).…”

Section: The Periparturient Phenomenon -A Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle

Ingvartsen

Moyes

2013

Animal

263

214

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The large increase in milk yield and the structural changes in the dairy industry have caused major changes in the housing, feeding and management of the dairy cow. However, while large improvements have occurred in production and efficiency, the disease incidence, based on veterinary records, does not seem to be improved. Earlier reviews have covered critical periods such as the transition period in the cow and its influence on health and immune function, the interplay between the endocrine system and the immune system and nutrition and immune function. Knowledge on these topics is crucial for our understanding of disease risk and our effort to develop health and welfare improving strategies, including proactive management for preventing diseases and reducing the severity of diseases. To build onto this the main purpose of this review will therefore be on the effect of physiological imbalance (PI) on immune function, and to give perspectives for prevention of diseases in the dairy cow through nutrition. To a large extent, the health problems during the periparturient period relate to cows having difficulty in adapting to the nutrient needs for lactation. This may result in PI, a situation where the regulatory mechanisms are insufficient for the animals to function optimally leading to a high risk of a complex of digestive, metabolic and infectious problems. The risk of infectious diseases will be increased if the immune competence is reduced. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the immune response and the effect of nutrition may be directly through nutrients or indirectly by metabolites, for example, in situations with PI. This review discusses the complex relationships between metabolic status and immune function and how these complex interactions increase the risk of disease during early lactation. A special focus will be placed on the major energetic fuels currently known to be used by immune cells (i.e. glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and glutamine) and how certain metabolic states, such as degree of negative energy balance and risk of PI, contribute to immunosuppression during the periparturient period. Finally, we will address some issues on disease prevention through nutrition.

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Section: The Periparturient Phenomenon -A Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle

Ingvartsen

Moyes

2013

Animal

263

214

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“…1). Circulating NEFA concentrations start to increase approximately 2 weeks before calving, peaking at 0-10 days post partum when EB reaches its nadir (Contreras and Sordillo 2011;Kawashima et al 2012). These NEFAs consist mainly of saturated fatty acids, including palmitate (C16:0) and stearate (C18:0), and the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (C18:1n9c; Contreras and Sordillo 2011).…”

Section: Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between lipid metabolism and fertility in the dairy cow

Wathes

Clempson

Pollott

2013

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Abstract. Dairy cows mobilise body tissues to support milk production and, because glucose supplies are limited, lipids are used preferentially for energy production. Lipogenic activity is switched off and lipolytic mechanisms in adipose tissue increase through changes in the expression of several key enzymes. This results in a loss of body condition, together with high circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Changes in the synthesis, secretion and signalling pathways of somatotrophic hormones (insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and adipokines (e.g. leptin) are central to the regulation of these processes. A high reliance on fatty acids as an energy source in the peripartum period causes oxidative damage to mitochondria in metabolically active tissues, including the liver and reproductive tract. The expression of genes involved in insulin resistance (PDK4, AHSG) is increased, together with expression of TIEG1, a transcription factor that can induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Polymorphisms in TFAM and UCP2, two autosomal mitochondrial genes, have been associated with longevity in dairy cows. Polymorphisms in many other genes that affect lipid metabolism also show some associations with fertility traits. These include DGAT1, SCD1, DECR1, CRH, CBFA2T1, GH, LEP and NPY. Excess lipid accumulation in oocytes and the regenerating endometrium reduces fertility via reductions in embryo survival and increased inflammatory changes, respectively.

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“…In particular, the neutrophil action could lead to inadequate clearance of the pathogens from the bovine udder (Contreras and Sordillo, 2011). Strategies designed to improve the immune cells of the diseased udder during immunosuppressive stages would greatly impact the ability of the animal to resist the pathogenic infection (Burvenich et al, 2007;Spears and Weiss, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

Rizzo

Ceci

Pantaleo

et al. 2013

Animal

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In dairy cows, the intensity of metabolic activity, associated with the negative energy balance (NEBAL), is responsible for an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, subsequently, for the development of the condition of oxidative stress, which may overwhelm the antioxidant potential of the bovine maternal organism, making it prone to the development of many puerperal dysfunctions, as well as to an alteration of colostrum and milk quality. Given these premises, the aims of this study are to evaluate serum and milk concentrations of ROS and lipoperoxides, vitamins A and E, on the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum of dairy cows, a particularly critical period during which the NEBAL reaches its nadir, and to compare the trends of these parameters in two different bovine breeds. The study was performed in pluriparous Italian Friesian and Brown dairy cows. On the 10th day postpartum, all cows underwent a clinical examination to exclude the presence of alterations; furthermore, on the same day, a milk sample was collected from each cow, in order to perform the somatic cell count (SCC; (CE) N. 853/2004) and to establish which of them had an SCC <400 000/ml or .400 000/ml. In this study, among the 110 cows that were initially selected, the evaluation of these parameters allowed the inclusion of 80 animals, which were divided into four groups of 20 subjects each: Group F and F1: Italian Friesian healthy cows, with SCC <400 000/ml and .400 000/ml, respectively; Group B and B1: Italian Brown healthy cows, with SCC <400 000/ml and .400 000/ml, respectively. On the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum, peripheral blood and milk samples were collected. The results obtained show that in group B1 there were higher concentrations of ROS and milk antioxidants compared with Friesian group cows. This datum let us suppose that even in the presence of higher ROS concentrations the antioxidant status found in group B1 seems to be able to counteract the oxidative damage, which is more likely to develop in these cows.Keywords: dairy cow, postpartum, NEBAL, ROS, vitamins ImplicationsThis work investigates the physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant concentrations in dairy cows between the 10th and the 16th day postpartum (peak of negative energy balance (NEBAL)) and highlights the importance of an adequate antioxidant system in dairy cows, particularly during NEBAL, in order to prevent and/or face the outcome of many postpartum pathologies and mastitis, which are easy to develop in such a critical period of the cow. The adequacy of an antioxidant support may thus reduce the economic losses and the prolongation of calving-first oestrus, calving-conception interval, related to the above-mentioned ROS-dependent alterations. IntroductionThe transition period is particularly critical to health, productivity and fertility of dairy cows (Leroy and Vanholder, 2008;Roche et al., 2009). In the last months of gestation, the cow experiences a reduction in dry matter intake (DMI), which continues...

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Lipid mobilization and inflammatory responses during the transition period of dairy cows

Cited by 203 publications

References 99 publications

Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle

Nutrition, immune function and health of dairy cattle

Associations between lipid metabolism and fertility in the dairy cow

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

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