Lipid Content and Water Permeability of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Squier, Christopher A.; Cox, Patrick; Wertz, Philip W.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12515931

Cited by 163 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In accordance with this expectation, the permeability of oral stratum corneum is an order of magnitude greater than that of epidermal stratum corneum [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Hill

Wertz

2009

Lipids

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Ceramides are the major type of lipid found in stratum corneum from the skin, gingiva and hard palate. The present study examined the ceramides of the stratum corneum from the hard palate. Six fractions of ceramides were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The least polar fraction contained an unusual acyl ceramide (EOS) consisting of long x-hydroxy acids amide-linked to sphingosine with mostly saturated fatty acids ester-linked to the x-hydroxyl group. The second and third fractions contained normal fatty acids amide-linked to sphingosine (NS) and phytosphingosine (NP), respectively. In each of these ceramides, the fatty acids consisted of a mixture of saturated and monoenoic species. The three most polar fractions all contain amide-linked a-hydroxy acids. The fourth fraction contained long a-hydroxy acids amidelinked to sphingosine (ASl), while the fifth fraction contained short a-hydroxy acids amide-linked to sphingosine (ASs). The most polar ceramide contained a-hydroxy acids amide-linked to phytosphingosine (AP). EOS, NS and NP differed from their epidermal counterparts in terms of the compositions of the normal fatty acids. ASl, ASs and AP from palatal stratum corneum were essentially identical to their epidermal counterparts. The differences between palatal and epidermal EOS, NS and NP contribute to the differences in permeability of palate compared to skin.

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“…In accordance with this expectation, the permeability of oral stratum corneum is an order of magnitude greater than that of epidermal stratum corneum [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Hill

Wertz

2009

Lipids

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“…The oral mucosa of pigs resembles that of humans more closely than any other animal in terms of structure and composition (19,20) and therefore porcine buccal mucosa was selected for drug permeation studies. The results of drug permeation from buccal tablets through the porcine buccal mucosa reveal that carvedilol was released from the formulation and permeated through the porcine buccal membrane and could possibly permeate through the human buccal membrane.…”

Section: In Vitro Drug Permeationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive carvedilol tablets

Yamsani¹,

Gannu²,

Kolli³

et al. 2007

Acta Pharmaceutica

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Buccal delivery of drugs provides an attractive alternative to the oral route of drug administration, particularly in overcoming deficiencies associated with the latter mode of administration. Problems such as high first-pass metabolism and drug degradation in the harsh gastrointestinal environment can be circumvented by administering the drug via the buccal route (1-3). Moreover, buccal drug absorption can be promptly terminated in case of toxicity by removing the dosage form from the buccal cavity. It is also possible to administer drugs to patients who cannot be dosed orally to prevent accidental swallowing. Therefore adhesive mucosal dosage forms were suggested for oral delivery, which included adhesive tablets (4-6), adhesive gels (7, 8) and adhesive patches (9, 10). Buccoadhesive tablets of carvedilol were prepared using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 934 as mucoadhesive polymers. Fifteen formulations were developed with varying concentrations of polymers. Formulations of the BC or BD series were composed of HPMC K4M or HPMC K15M in ratios of 1:1 to 1:5 whereas in the BE series Carbopol 934 was used (1:0.25 to 1:1.50). The formulations were tested for in vitro drug release, in vitro bioadhesion, moisture absorption and in vitro drug permeation through porcine buccal mucosa. Formulation BC3 showed maximum release of the drug (88.7 ± 0.4%) with the Higuchi model release profile and permeated 21.5 ± 2.9% of the drug (flux 8.35 ± 0.291 µg h -1 cm -2 ) permeation coefficient 1.34 ± 0.05 cm h -1 ) through porcine buccal membrane. BC3 formulation showed 1.62 ± 0.15 N of peak detachment force and 0.24 ± 0.11 mJ of work of adhesion. FTIR results showed no evidence of interaction between the drug and polymers. XRD study revealed that the drug is in crystalline form in the polymer matrix. The results indicate that suitable bioadhesive buccal tablets with desired permeability could be prepared.

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“…In stratified squamous epithelium, during the process of differentiation, lipids are accumulated and packaged into small vesicular organelles known as membrane coating granules (MCG) that become evident by electron microscopy in the upper part of the spinous layer 33,34) . At the boundary between the granular and cornified layers, MCGs are transported to the surface of keratinocytes, where their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, after which the lipid lamellae are released into the extracellular spaces 24,35) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and Localization of Aqua-glyceroporins AQP3 and AQP9 in Rat Oral Epithelia

Poveda

Hashimoto

Matsuki-Fukushima

et al. 2014

Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll.

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Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral membrane proteins made up of 6 hydrophobic, a-helical, membrane-spanning domains surrounding a highly selective aqueous pore. AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9, termed aqua-glyceroporins, are known to be involved in the transport of water, glycerol, and other small molecules. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of aqua-glyceroporins in rat oral stratified squamous epithelia of the palate, the buccal mucosa, the inferior aspect of the tongue, and the oral floor by using RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and immunogold electron microscopy. AQP3 and AQP9 mRNAs were expressed in whole oral epithelium. Immunostaining for AQP3 was recognized in each type of epithelium. The results suggest that AQP3 synthesis begins predominantly in the cytoplasm of the basal cells. During the process of epithelial cell differentiation, AQP3 protein appears to accumulate and be transported to the plasma membrane, from where it is incorporated into the cornified or surface layers. The intracellular localization of AQP3 appears to correlate with the differentiation of keratinocytes, suggesting that it acts as an enhancer of the physiological permeability barrier together with membrane coating granules. The distribution pattern of AQP9 was limited to the marginal areas of the basal and suprabasal layers, which was different from that of AQP3. This difference in distribution between AQP3 and AQP9

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Lipid Content and Water Permeability of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Cited by 163 publications

References 29 publications

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum

Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive carvedilol tablets

Expression and Localization of Aqua-glyceroporins AQP3 and AQP9 in Rat Oral Epithelia

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