Lipid content and fatty acid consumption in zoospores/developing gametophytes of Saccharina latissima (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) as potential precursors for secondary metabolites as phlorotannins

Phlorotannin Production and Lipid Oxidation as a Potential Protective Function Against High Photosynthetically Active and UV Radiation in Gametophytes of Alaria esculenta (Alariales, Phaeophyceae)

“…Differences in lipid composition and consumption of various spore species might be related to the swimming behavior, photosynthetic efficiency and in the light environment inhabited by spores of the various species and can alter the energy budgets of spores and influence the amount of endogenous reserves needed to fuel spore swimming (69). This is supported by the present study where total FA content in A. esculenta spores and gametophytes was several magnitudes higher than in S. latissima (37). While settlement of Pterygophora californica spores was generally reduced under high PAR conditions, settlement decreased in particular with increasing exposure time but not with irradiance (5).…”

“…Similar results were obtained in Fucus gardneri (56) and in S. muticum (57) suggesting a response‐induced production of phlorotannins. Nevertheless, an increase in intracellular phlorotannin levels in the present studies was only detectable after 10 days exposure upon low PAR and UVR and non‐UV treated juvenile gametophytes A. esculenta , while low PAR only treatment showed no effects on S. latissima juveniles (37). Upon combined high PAR and UVR exposure, juvenile gametophytes under PA exhibited significantly higher intracellular phlorotannin levels than their representatives in the high PAR controls and among the PAB treatments (Tables 2a,b and 5).…”

“…In contrast, our low PAR controls showed variations in total FA over time, while high PAR controls showed a strong decrease in total FA compared to the initial value after release with Table 5 showing an interactive effect of exposure time and irradiance levels (PAR) in A. esculenta as discussed previously. Determination of total FA content and composition in spores and juvenile gametophytes of S. latissima obtained under low PAR conditions (37), revealed only minor changes in total FA content but in particular a decrease of 18:1(n‐9) over the exposure time of 20 days. Since a similar decrease of 18:1(n‐9) was observed in the present study, the previously suggested hypothesis (37) that building blocks for secondary metabolites as phlorotannins might be mainly fueled by this FA can be supported for A. esculenta juveniles as well.…”

“…Determination of total FA content and composition in spores and juvenile gametophytes of S. latissima obtained under low PAR conditions (37), revealed only minor changes in total FA content but in particular a decrease of 18:1(n‐9) over the exposure time of 20 days. Since a similar decrease of 18:1(n‐9) was observed in the present study, the previously suggested hypothesis (37) that building blocks for secondary metabolites as phlorotannins might be mainly fueled by this FA can be supported for A. esculenta juveniles as well. In Ulva fenestrata , a PAR impact on the ratio of storage lipids (triacylglycerols) to major chloroplast lipids such as glycolipids and phosphatidylglycerol was investigated (62).…”

Nipped in the bud: mesograzer feeding preference contributes to kelp decline

“…This is consistent with S. latissima in other biogeographic regions (Gevaert et al 2001) and other kelp species for which nitrogen content or C/N ratio of sporogenous and (Steinberg 1984, Molis et al 2010. However, as with other kelps, the spores of S. latissima contain large reserves of storage lipids (Steinhoff et al 2011). However, as with other kelps, the spores of S. latissima contain large reserves of storage lipids (Steinhoff et al 2011).…”