Lipid Biochemistry of Fungi and Other Organisms

Weete, John D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0064-0

Cited by 233 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 376 publications

(574 reference statements)

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“…The lipid pattern observed was as expected and similar to the patterns reported by Weete (1980) for other similar fungal species. The effects of increased salinity were observed in the reduction of the major fatty acid (18 : 1) of the total lipids, but the unsaturated fatty acids were greater than the saturated fatty acids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Growth and Lipid Composition of Some Dematiaceous Hyphomycete Fungi Grown at Different Salinities

et al. 1989

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The growth of the dematiaceous hyphomycetes (darkly pigmented microfungi) Alternaria phragmospora, Alternaria chlamydospora and Ulocladium chartarum was altered by increasing concentrations of NaCl in the growth medium. U. chartarum demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to salinity changes : chlamydospora-like structures were common at NaCl concentrations > 5%. Lipid analyses of these fungi are presented. Steryl esters and fatty acids were the main lipid classes in the apolar fractions. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine were the main polar compounds. Most phospholipids decreased at higher salinity. The major fatty acid was oleic acid (18 : 1) which decreased at 10% NaC1. A similar pattern was observed for palmitic acid (16 : 0). Myristic acid (14 : 0) and myristoleic acids (14:2, 14:l) were detected in all isolates cultured at 10% NaCl.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Growth and Lipid Composition of Some Dematiaceous Hyphomycete Fungi Grown at Different Salinities

et al. 1989

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“…The greater cell-size and complexity of fungi is accompanied by a corresponding diversity of lipid components. The amounts and types of lipid at individual fungal sites vary not only from one organism to another but also with age, stages of development, nutrition and environmental conditions [31]. The lipid content of fungal species can be manipulated by varying culture conditions, therefore, the records of total lipid content are of limited value unless the parameters of growth are specified.…”

Section: Fungal Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fungal Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some fungi infect a living host, but kill host cells in order to obtain their nutrients; these are called necrotrophs. Fungi were used to be considered as a member of the plant kingdom, however, its in now classified under the kingdoms of life as eucaryotes [30].In fungi, lipids occur not only as major constituents of membrane systems, but also as cell wall components, as storage material in abundant and readily observed lipid bodies and, in some cases, as extracellular products. The greater cell-size and complexity of fungi is accompanied by a corresponding diversity of lipid components.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fungal Lipids: The Biochemistry of Lipid Accumulation

Akpinar‐Bayizit¹

2014

IJCEA

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Abstract-Current interest in single cell oils (SCOs) accumulated by oleaginous fungi centers around the ability of these microorganisms to convert agro-industrial surpluses and residues into lipids as potential alternative to edible plant and/or animal lipids or rarely found in the plant or animal kingdom [i.e. lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)]. In a recent development, SCOs are considered as adequate starting material for the production of biodiesels. PUFAs are valuable products because of their health promoting roles. Production of microbial PUFAs have many advantages, such as short life cycle, less labor requires, less affection by venue, season aclimateasier to scale up. The main aim of this review was to explain the biochemistry behind lipid accumulation in fungi and current applications of fungal PUFAs.Index Terms-Single cell oil, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fermentation, fungi. I. INTRODUCTIONOils and fats are both classed as lipids, substances of vegetable and animal origin that widely found in nature and form the third major group of macronutrients after proteins and carbohydrates [1]. Although lipid analysts tend to have a firm understanding of what is meant by the term "lipid", there is no widely-accepted definition. General text books usually describe lipids as a group of naturally occurring compounds, which have in common a ready solubility in such organic solvents as hydrocarbons, chloroform, benzene, ethers and alcohols [2]-[4]. A more specific definition of lipids than one based simply on solubility is necessary, and most scientists do restrict the use of "lipid" to fatty acids and their naturally-occurring derivatives (esters or amides) [5], [6]. Lipids have many metabolic roles, for example, they act as storage materials in animals, plant and microbial cells and are also responsible for the structure of cell membranes, and protect the body against cold and other environmental influences, etc. One of their important physiological roles is that they are precursors of hormone-like compounds, which is performedmainly by polyunsaturated fatty acids [7], [8].Though the human body can produce saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids from food components, it cannot synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids. In other words, these have to be supplied externally from specific foodstuffs such as leafy vegetables and fish. This explains why polyunsaturated fatty acids are called "essential fatty acids" [9].Approximately 80% of the world's oil and fat need is  Manuscript received November 20, 2013; revised February 25, 2014. A. Akpinar-Bayizit is with the Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey (e-mail: abayizit@uludag.edu.tr).derived from agricultural products, and the remainder coming from animal and marine sources. It is essential to find new sources for oil and protein supplement with concern to the nutritional problems accompanying the rapid growth of world's population. In fear of the depletion of oil resources and the global warm...

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“…Ergosterol is a fungus-specific component of membranes (Weete, 1980) and its content is therefore believed to be correlated with the amount of metabolically active fungal biomass , although this remains to be verified experimentally. Since the first application of ergosterol analysis in mycorrhizal research by Salmanowicz & Nylund (1988), the procedure has become increasingly popular and is now the most commonly used method for estimating fungal biomass in mycorrhizas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin and ergosterol combined to measure total and living fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas

1998

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We have studied the chitin and ergosterol contents of ectomycorrhizal roots in three sets of experiments to evaluate them as indicators of fungal biomass. The first set of experiments showed that ageing had a marked effect on ergosterol concentrations. The ergosterol content of 7-month-old, brown, shrunken Pinus sylvestris L.-Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Fr. mycorrhizas was found to be only 10 % of that found in white, turgid, 1-or 4-month-old specimens. This supports the hypothesis that the compound is a good indicator of living fungal biomass. Ageing had a lesser effect on chitin concentrations since the chitin levels found in 7-month-old mycorrhizas were still 60 % of the levels found in 1-and 4-month-old specimens.Consequently, the chitin : ergosterol ratio increased from about 14 to 19 in 1-and 4-month-old mycorrhizas respectively to about 110 in 7-month-old mycorrhizas. In the second set of experiments, we found that variation in plant growth had no effect on the chitin : ergosterol ratio in whole root systems of either Alnus incana (L.) Moench or Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizal with Paxillus involutus. In the third set of experiments, we found a constant relationship between the two marker concentrations in 10-month-old root systems of Pinus sylvestris, regardless of fungal species involved, using Paxillus involutus, Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts and Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kuntze as test organisms. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that both chitin and ergosterol give reliable, but different, relative measures of fungal biomass in mycorrhizal roots. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in combination, the two chemical markers can be used to estimate both total and living fungal biomass (derived from the chitin : ergosterol ratio).

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Lipid Biochemistry of Fungi and Other Organisms

Cited by 233 publications

References 376 publications

Growth and Lipid Composition of Some Dematiaceous Hyphomycete Fungi Grown at Different Salinities

Growth and Lipid Composition of Some Dematiaceous Hyphomycete Fungi Grown at Different Salinities

Fungal Lipids: The Biochemistry of Lipid Accumulation

Chitin and ergosterol combined to measure total and living fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas

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