ABSTRACT:The preparation through Robinson annulation of enantiopure building blocks with both academic and industrial relevance, such as the Wieland-Miescher and Hajos-Parrish ketones, has suffered from important drawbacks, such as the need of high catalyst loading or extremely long reaction times. Here we report a heterogeneized organocatalyst based on Luo's diamine for the fast and broad-scope enantioselective Robinson annulation reaction. The polystyrene-supported diamine 19a enables the high-yield, highly enantioselective preparation of a wide scope of chiral bicyclic enones under mild conditions, with reaction times as short as 60 minutes (batch) or residence times of 10 minutes (flow). In contrast with its homogeneous counterpart 19b, the catalytic resin 19a experiences a notable increase in catalytic activity with temperature in 2-MeTHF (a ten-fold decrease in reaction times without erosion in enantioselectivity is observed from room temperature to 55 ºC). The scope of the transformation in batch has been illustrated with 14 examples, including examples only reported in poorly enantioenriched (22n) or in racemic form (22k). Enantiopure 22k has been used as starting material for a straightforward formal synthesis of the antibiotic and antifeedant sesquiterpene (−)-isovelleral (24). The heterogeneized catalyst 19a admits extended recycling (10 cycles) and has been used to develop the first asymmetric Robinson annulations in continuous flow. The potential of the flow process is illustrated by the large scale preparation of the Wieland-Miescher ketone (65 mmol in 24 h operation, TON of 117) and by a sequential flow experiment leading to a library of eight enantioenriched diketone compounds.
KEYWORDS : Robinson annulation, Continuous flow, Heterogeneized catalysts, Wieland-Miescher ketone, Hajos-Parrish ketoneThe Hajos-Parrish-Eder-Sauer-Wiechert (H-P-E-S-W) reaction to access chiral bicyclic enones, via an intramolecular aldol reaction, is one of the most well-known organocatalytic processes. 1 Reported in 1971 by two independent industrial research groups, this L-proline-catalyzed process enables the isolation of enantioenriched Wieland-Miescher (W-M, 1) and Hajos-Parrish (H-P, 2) ketones (Figure 1). 2 While high enantioselectivity was achieved for the H-P ketone (2), the W-M ketone (1) was obtained with moderate enantioselectivity. In both cases, prolonged reaction times were required. Enantioenriched W-M and H-P ketones provide access to a broad variety of sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and steroids. 1b,3 Biological activities of these compounds include antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral and antineurodegenerative effects. 3 For these reasons, since 2000, following the seminal work by List and Barbas on the use of proline as a catalyst for enantioselective aldol reaction, 4 there has been a resurgent interest in achieving more efficient routes for these catalytic processes. 5 As a result, several new organocatalysts have emerged for the synthesis of these bicyclic enones. 3a-b Among them, most structures ...