Lip service: Histological phenotypes correlate with diet and feeding ecology in herbivorous pacus

Abstract

Complex prey processing requires the repositioning of food between the teeth, as modulated by a soft tissue appendage like a tongue or lips. In this study, we trace the evolution of lips and ligaments, which are used during prey capture and prey processing in an herbivorous group of fishes. Pacus (Serrasalmidae) are Neotropical freshwater fishes that feed on leaves, fruits, and seeds. These prey are hard or tough, require high forces to fracture, contain abrasive or caustic elements, or deform considerably before failure. Pacus are gape-limited and do not have the pharyngeal jaws many bony fishes use to dismantle and/or transport prey. Despite their gape limitation, pacus feed on prey larger than their mouths, relying on robust teeth and a hypertrophied lower lip for manipulation and breakdown of food. We used histology to compare the lip morphology across 14 species of pacus and piranhas to better understand this soft tissue. We found that frugivorous pacus have larger, more complex lips which are innervated and folded at their surface, while grazing species have callused, mucus-covered lips. Unlike mammalian lips or tongues, pacu lips lack any intrinsic skeletal or smooth muscle. This implies that pacu lips lack dexterity; however, we found a novel connection to the primordial ligament which suggests that the lips are actuated by the jaw adductors. We propose that pacus combine hydraulic repositioning of prey inside the buccal cavity with direct oral manipulation, the latter using a combination of a morphologically heterodont dentition and compliant lips for reorienting food.

Using salamanders as model taxa to understand vertebrate feeding constraints during the late Devonian water-to-land transition

“…The sequence of these steps or stages can vary, for instance, as transport and orientation of the food in the oral cavity may take place before or between individual processing bouts (see back-and-forth arrows between feeding stages 2 and 3 in figure 3 a ) depending on many factors, like the position, the processing state and the movement of the food. The anatomical and biomechanical bases of certain feeding stages may also differ across vertebrates; for example, while most vertebrates only use their tongue (or the hyobranchial system) to reposition food in the oral cavity, some fish, as well as many mammals, also use lips for the same purpose [72]. It is, therefore, important to examine the entire form–function complex over all kinematically important stages of the feeding behaviour.…”