Linoleic (ω6) and linolenic (ω3) acids in the diet of fingerling milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)

Bautista, Myrna N.; Cruz, Margarita C. De La

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(88)90204-9

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Though total lipid in muscle was significantly affected by dietary lipid, the effect did not seem to detrimentally affect performance, feed efficiency or fatty acid composition of grouper in the present study, fish with high muscle lipid usually experience the greatest weight gain and feed efficiency. Previous research indicated that accumulation of lipid in liver has been identified as a fatty acid deficiency sign in some fish species [34,35] , but in our present experiment, there were no significant difference in liver lipid between the two diet groups, which indicated that the maize oil diet satisfied grouper postlarvae requirement for fatty acids. There was an increased level of carcass tissue lipid of P. monodon fed a diet containing cod liver oil [36] .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Maize Oil Can Replace Fish Oil in The Diet of Grouper Postlarvae (Epinephelus Coioides) Without Adversely Affecting Growth or Fatty Acid Composition

Niu¹,

Liu²,

Liu³

et al. 2007

American J. of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth, survival and body composition of 40 day post hatch larval grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Fish were fed fish meal and protein hydrolysate based diets for 32 days with either 100% maize oil or 100% fish oil in triplicate from 40-day after hatching to slaughter size (fish weight: 0.32 g to 11 g). Final body wet weight (FBW: 11.8±0.7 and 11.1±0.1, respectively), weight gain (WG: 3556±251 and 3360±189, respectively), specific growth rate (SGR: 11.2±0.2 and 11.1±0.2, respectively) and survival rate (80±5 and 79±4, respectively) were not significantly affected by dietary lipid sources (P>0.05). The effect of different oil sources on the composition of tissues was significant only for dorsal muscle lipid. In dorsal muscle, lipid content was significantly higher in fish oil group. The fatty acids composition of the muscle lipids well reflected the fatty acids composition of the experimental diets. The growth performance showed that a balance is required between growth-promoting essential fatty acids (EFA) qualities of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) and their potentially growthinhibiting (pro-oxidant) qualities. Results indicated when EFA of the diet are sufficient for the development of postlarvae, there is no difference whether use fish or maize oil in the formulated diets, 2.87% n-3 HUFA is sufficient for grouper postlarvae development and more n-3 HUFA are not necessarily beneficial to fish performance.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Maize Oil Can Replace Fish Oil in The Diet of Grouper Postlarvae (Epinephelus Coioides) Without Adversely Affecting Growth or Fatty Acid Composition

Niu¹,

Liu²,

Liu³

et al. 2007

American J. of Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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“…The fin erosion that occurred in fish fed only tristearin has been noted in other fish deprived of essential fatty acids such as rainbow trout (Castell et al 1972a), turbot (Bell et al 1985) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) (Bautista and De la Cruz 1988;Borlongan 1992). This deficiency sign may be a result of a reduced ability to synthesize normal epithelial tissues in the absence of essential fatty acids, and appears to be analogous to the tail necrosis that occurred in EFA-deficient rats (Burr and Burr 1929).…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Fatty acid synthetase activity also increases during EFA deficiency, which results in increased levels of saturated fatty acids that are substrates for the delta-9 desaturase. In fish, a lack of dietary essential fatty acids increased tissue levels of monoenes such as 18:1(n-9) in rainbow trout (Castell et al 1972c;Takeuchi and Watanabe 1976), carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Farkas et al 1977), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (Takeuchi et al 1979), eel (Anguilla japonica) (Takeuchi et al 1980), tilapia (Kanazawa et al 1980), milkfish (Bautista and De la Cruz 1988;Borlongan 1992), striped jack (Longirostris delicatissimus) (Watanabe et al 1989), channel catfish (Satoh et al 1989) and red sea bream (Takeuchi et al 1990). Monoenes also were increased by EFA deficiency in red drum in the present study.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Lochmann

Gatlin

1993

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Feeding experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to establish the essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Juvenile red drum were maintained in aquaria containing brackish water (5 ± 2‰ total dissolved solids) for two 6-week experiments. Semipurified diets contained a total of 70% lipid consisting of different combinations of tristearin [predominantly 18:0] and the following fatty acid ethyl esters: oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and a mixture of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) containing approximately 60% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate. EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate) rapidly reduced fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased mortality. Fin erosion and a "shock syndrome" also occurred in association with EFA deficiency. Of the diets containing fatty acid ethyl esters, those with 0.5-1% (n-3) HUFA (0.3-0.6% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate) promoted the best growth, survival, and feed efficiency; however, the control diet containing 7% menhaden fish oil provided the best performance. Excess (n-3) HUFA suppressed fish weight gain; suppression became evident at 1.5% (n-3) HUFA, and was pronounced at 2.5%. Fatty acid compositions of whole-body, muscle and liver tissues from red drum fed the various diets generally reflected dietary fatty acids, but modifications of these patterns also were evident. Levels of saturated fatty acids appeared to be regulated independent of diet. In fish fed EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate), monoenes increased and (n-3) HUFA were preferentially conserved in polar lipid fractions. Eicosatrienoic acid [20:3(n-9)] was not elevated in EFA-deficient red drum, apparently due to their limited ability to transform fatty acids. Red drum exhibited some limited ability to elongate and desaturate linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)] and linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)]; however, metabolism of 18:3(n-3) did not generally result in increased tissue levels of (n-3) HUFA. Based on these responses, the red drum required approximately 0.5% (n-3) HUFA in the diet (approximately 7% of dietary lipid) for proper growth and health.

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“…or 18:2n-6 (i.e soybean oil, sunflower oil, etc.) have been studied in fish in detail [14][15][16], studies focusing on a sliding 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratio are relatively scarce and limited to a few species, including: Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) [17]; Milkfish (Chanos chanos) [18]; silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) [19]; Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) [20]; yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) [21]; and Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) [22,23]. An early study on rainbow trout also assessed the effect of various 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratios in juvenile fish from 0.4 to 4 g of body weight [24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental diet contains 72% of total C 18 PUFA in the form of ALA C 18 Fish oil utilization by the aquafeed industry is increasingly recognized by the scientific sector and industry stakeholders as an environmentally unsustainable and economically unviable practice. Thus, a significant global research effort is currently focusing on finding possible remedial strategies; and the use of alternative oils (vegetable oils and animal fats) to replace fish oil in aquafeed formulations is envisaged to be the most practical and easily implemented option [1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

Thanuthong

Francis

Senadheera

et al. 2011

Lipids

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Five experimental diets with constant total C(18) PUFA and varying 18:3n-3/18:2n-6 ratios were fed to rainbow trout over an entire production cycle. The whole-body fatty acid balance method demonstrated a clear trend of progressively reduced fatty acid bioconversion activity along the n-3 and n-6 pathways, up to the production of 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-6, respectively. This suggests that the pathway exhibits a "funnel like" progression of activity rather than the existence of a single rate limiting step. The production of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was more active than that of 20:5n-3. However, despite this trend in reduced apparent in vivo net enzyme activity, the efficiency of the various bioconversion steps (measured as % of bioconverted substrate) confirmed an opposing trend. A 3.2-fold higher Δ-6 desaturase affinity towards 18:3n-3 over 18:2n-6 and an 8-fold greater Δ-5 desaturase affinity towards 20:4n-3 over 20:3n-6 were recorded. The main results of the study were that (1) rainbow trout are quite efficient at bioconverting 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3, and (2) the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway is substrate limited. Fillet n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations increased with the increasing dietary supply of 18:3n-3. Despite an almost identical dietary supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, originating from the fish meal fraction of the diets, the fillets of trout fed the diet richest in 18:3n-3 were 2-fold higher in n-3 LC-PUFA than fish fed low 18:3n-3 diets. Nevertheless, fillets of trout fed a fish oil control diet contained more than double the amount of n-3 LC-PUFA compared to fish fed the diets richest in 18:3n-3.

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Linoleic (ω6) and linolenic (ω3) acids in the diet of fingerling milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)

Cited by 36 publications

References 21 publications

Maize Oil Can Replace Fish Oil in The Diet of Grouper Postlarvae (Epinephelus Coioides) Without Adversely Affecting Growth or Fatty Acid Composition

Maize Oil Can Replace Fish Oil in The Diet of Grouper Postlarvae (Epinephelus Coioides) Without Adversely Affecting Growth or Fatty Acid Composition

Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios

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