Linking the Qinling Orogeny with the Chang 7 shale (Triassic Yanchang Formation) deposition: Evidence from major, trace, and rare earth element geochemistry

Abstract

The lacustrine organic-rich shale of Triassic Chang 7 Member is an unconventional shale oil reservoir that is a major hydrocarbon target in the Ordos Basin, northern China. This study uses major, trace, and rare earth element (REE) abundance documented through a 115-m-thick core obtained from the western part of the Ordos Basin to assess dominant controls on temporal variations in total organic carbon in the Chang 7 shale. Our results suggest that total organic carbon trends in the Chang 7 can be directly linked with the tectonic and magmatic evolution of Qinling orogen. The Chang 7 3 and Chang 7 2 submembers of the lower part of the Chang 7 were likely deposited in association with heighted tectonic and magmatic activity of the Qinling Orogeny. Sediments derived from these submembers display light REE and trace element compositions similar to the Tianshui rhyolites suggesting deposition contemporaneous with magmatic and/or volcanic activity of the Qinling Orogeny. Higher nutrient concentrations introduced by volcanic eruptions would have stimulated primary productivity in the surface water enhancing the organic carbon flux to the lake bottom. In addition, higher rates of mountain building in the Qinling Orogeny may have been responsible for increasing subsidence rate of the southern Ordos Basin, also favourable for the establishment of anoxic bottom-water conditions. In contrast, lower light REE and trace element abundances of the Chang 7 1 submember at the top of the Chang 7 suggest deposition during a tectonically and magmatic quiescent period of the Qinling Orogeny. The diminished volcanic flux could have lowered the rate of primary productivity. Moreover, a reduced rate of mountain building would have decreased the rate of foredeep subsidence favouring shallower water and oxic/ suboxic bottom-water conditions. Thus, the hydrography of the lake during accumulation of the Chang 7 1 was not conducive for organic carbon accumulation. Together, the correlation of the Qinling mountain building and magmatism and deposition of the Chang 7 shale provide evidence for the role of tectonism in the accumulation of organic carbon enriched sediment.