Linking Subsurface to Surface Using Gas Emission and Melt Inclusion Data at Mount Cleveland Volcano, Alaska

Werner, C. A.; Rasmussen, Daniel J.; Plank, Terry; Kelly, P. J.; Kern, Christoph; Lopez, T. M.; Gliß, Jonas; Power, John A.; Roman, Diana C.; Izbekov, Pavel; Lyons, J. J.

doi:10.1029/2019gc008882

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(221 reference statements)

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“…These results suggest explosion source depths ranging from near the surface down to ∼1.5-2 km beneath the summit. This range in explosion depths is consistent with the evidence of magma potentially residing and degassing in a vertically extensive conduit region ranging in depth between 0.5 and 3.0 km below the summit found by Werner et al (2020). We stress that no one method provides a complete depiction of the observed variance for all explosions, but a combination of methods is required to help understand the observations.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…We note that moment tensor inversions for explosions from the analogous Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, point to a source region 1.5 km below the summit (Kim et al, 2014), comparable to estimates for deeper explosions at Mount Cleveland. Additionally, the range of potential source depths we calculate is consistent with the proposed vertically extensive region of magma degassing between 0.5 and 3.0 km beneath the summit at Mount Cleveland in 2016 (Werner et al, 2020).…”

Section: Implications For Source Depth Within the Conduitsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Previous studies on Mount Cleveland include those using satellite observations (Simpson et al, 2002;Dean et al, 2004;Gu et al, 2005;Worden et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015;Werner et al, 2017), sparse summit gas flights (Werner et al, 2017;Werner et al, 2020), temporary seismic deployments (Janiszewski et al, 2020;Power et al, in review;Haney et al, 2019), and long range infrasound recordings (De Angelis et al, 2012;Iezzi et al, 2019b). Janiszewski et al (2020) used receiver functions to find a low seismic velocity zone below Cleveland with a minimum vertical extent of 10-17.5 km below sea level that is <5 km in diameter.…”

Section: Mount Clevelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Janiszewski et al (2020) note that their results are consistent with a well-developed open volcanic conduit system, which may help explain the general lack of precursory seismicity at Cleveland. A recent study by Werner et al (2020) used a combination of volcanic gas emission rates and melt inclusion compositions from 2016 and found evidence that magma may be residing and degassing in a vertically extensive conduit region ranging in depth between 0.5 and 3.0 km below the summit. Power et al (in review) focused on characterizing the general seismicity at Mount Cleveland and located hypocenters of volcano-tectonic earthquakes using a temporary seismic deployment in 2015-2016.…”

Section: Mount Clevelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first local seismo-acoustic instrumentation included two stations installed at Mount Cleveland in the summer of 2014, so permanent local monitoring data are limited. Temporary, non-telemetered deployments help better understand the volcanic system, such as the installation of six broadband sensors from 2015 to 2016 (Werner et al, 2020;Haney et al, 2019;Power et al, in review). Remote infrasound recordings supplement the local instrumentation for monitoring large explosions (e.g., De Angelis et al, 2012;Iezzi et al, 2019b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions

et al. 2020

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Volcanic explosions can produce large, ash-rich plumes that pose great hazard to aviation, yet may often have few precursory geophysical signals. Mount Cleveland is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, Alaska (United States) with at least 65 explosions between December 2011 and June 2020. We characterize the seismo-acoustic signals from explosions at Mount Cleveland over a period of 4 years starting in 2014 when the permanent local instrumentation was installed. While the seismic explosion signals are similar, the acoustic signals vary between explosions. Some explosion acoustic waveforms exhibit a single main compressional phase while other waveforms have multiple compressions. The time lag between seismic and acoustic arrivals varies considerably (up to 2.20 s) at a single station ∼3 km from the vent, suggesting a change in propagation path for the signals between explosions. We apply a variety of methods to explore the potential contributions to this variable time lag from atmospheric conditions, nonlinear propagation, and source depth within the conduit. This variable time lag has been observed elsewhere, but explanations are often unresolved. Our results indicate that while changes in atmospheric conditions can explain some of the variation in acoustic arrival time relative to the seismic signal arrivals, substantial residual time lag variations often still exist. Additionally, nonlinear propagation modeling results do not yield a change in the onset time of the acoustic arrival with source amplitudes comparable to (and larger) than Cleveland explosions. We find that a spectrum of seismic cross-correlation values between events and particle motion dip angles suggests that a varying explosion source depth within the conduit likely plays a dominant role in the observed variations in time lag. Explosion source depths appear to range from very shallow depths down to ∼1.5–2 km. Understanding the seismo-acoustic time lag and the subsequent indication of a variable explosion source depth may help inform explosion source modeling for Mount Cleveland, which remains poorly understood. We show that even with a single co-located seismic and acoustic sensor that does not always remain on scale, it is possible to provide meaningful interpretations of the explosion source depth which may help monitoring agencies understand the volcanic system.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Implications For Source Depth Within the Conduitsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Mount Clevelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mount Clevelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions

et al. 2020

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Persistent gas emission originating from a deep basaltic magma reservoir of an active volcano: the case of Aso volcano, Japan

Kawaguchi

Hasenaka

Koga

et al. 2021

Contrib Mineral Petrol

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Volcanic gas emission is considered to reflect the degassing of magma beneath volcanoes. The combined observations of gas measurement and petrological study are expected to constrain the volatile concentrations and storage depths of the preeruptive and primitive magma. Aso volcano (Japan) is a constantly-monitored, persistently-degassing volcano, and an ideal site to acquire gas and petrologic data. We analyzed the melt inclusions and phenocryst minerals of Holocene basaltic eruption products, and reported their major and volatile element concentrations. The samples showed abundant evidence of magma mixing, such as reverse mineral zoning, and highly variable mineral and glass compositions. SiO2 measured in melt inclusions varied from 46.0 to 65.8 wt. %. High-volatile concentration, S up to 3750

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Shallow magma convection evidenced by excess degassing and thermal radiation during the dome-forming Sabancaya eruption (2012–2020)

et al. 2022

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We used a large set of satellite- (visible, infrared, and radar images from Planetscope, MODIS, VIIRS, Sentinel2, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 1) and ground-based data (optical images, SO2 flux, shallow seismicity) to describe and characterize the activity of the Sabancaya volcano during the unrest and eruption phases that occurred between 2012 and 2020. The unrest phase (2012–2016) was characterized by increasing gas and thermal flux, sourced by a convective magma column rising along with the remnants of a buried plug still permeable to fluid flow. Conversely, a new conduit, adjacent to the previous one, fed the eruptive phase (2016–2020) which was instead characterized by a discontinuous extrusive activity, with phases of dome growth (at rates from 0.04 to 0.75 m3 s−1) and collapse. The extrusive activity was accompanied by fluctuating thermal anomalies (0.5–25 MW), by irregular SO2 degassing (700–7000 tons day−1), and by variable explosive activity (4–100 events d−1) producing repeated vulcanian ash plumes (500–5000 m above the crater). Magma budget calculation during the eruptive phase indicates a large excess of degassing, with the volume of degassed magma (0.25–1.28 km3) much higher than the volume of erupted magma (< 0.01 km3). Similarly, the thermal energy radiated by the eruption was much higher than that sourced by the dome itself, an unbalance that, by analogy with the degassing, we define as “excess thermal radiation”. Both of these unbalances are consistent with the presence of shallow magma convection that fed the extrusive and explosive activity of the Sabancaya dome.

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Linking Subsurface to Surface Using Gas Emission and Melt Inclusion Data at Mount Cleveland Volcano, Alaska

Cited by 17 publications

References 112 publications

Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions

Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions

Persistent gas emission originating from a deep basaltic magma reservoir of an active volcano: the case of Aso volcano, Japan

Shallow magma convection evidenced by excess degassing and thermal radiation during the dome-forming Sabancaya eruption (2012–2020)

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