Linking stream ecosystem integrity to catchment and reach conditions in an intensively managed forest landscape

Abstract

Forests are vital to maintaining headwater stream integrity in forested biomes, which ensures the delivery of aquatic ecosystem services downstream. Forest harvesting, however, can alter land–water linkages and compromise stream integrity. Historically, the main effects of forestry on streams have been documented by studies that used relatively few (mainly abiotic) indicators and which focused on single harvesting events. However, forest management is expected to intensify in the future to meet increasing global wood demand and it is likely that our present understanding does not adequately capture the cumulative effects that streams will be subjected to under intensive forest management. To address this, we assessed the effects of varying forest management intensities on the integrity of 15 forest headwater streams in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. We used a comprehensive approach to link multiple biotic and abiotic indicators of stream ecosystem integrity to reach‐ and catchment‐level characteristics including forest management (e.g., cumulative harvesting over time, road density, forest condition). Most indicators detected the gradient in forest management intensity with abiotic indicators responding most strongly. Streams in catchments with highest management intensity (especially road density) tended to have higher fine inorganic sediment deposition and entrainment, water cations and carbon, dissolved organic matter humification, and water temperature. These abiotic differences were associated with higher biofilm biomass and shredder densities, but lower leaf decomposition. Evidence from our multi‐indicator approach elucidated a potential effects pathway of higher inorganic sediment content in biofilms of organic matter potentially limiting or altering its use by microbial and benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) communities and resulting in reduced leaf decomposition rates. Overall, this study shows that current best management practices in an intensively managed watershed (and legacy effects from past management such as older road systems) do not fully protect against an increased delivery of terrestrial materials to streams with resulting habitat and biotic changes, but that they are mostly effective at preventing the impairment of BMI communities.

Increased reliance of stream macroinvertebrates on terrestrial food sources linked to forest management intensity

“…In BB, however, all streams retained ~30 m wide riparian buffer zones, and harvesting did not have a major effect on stream canopy cover and direct terrestrial detritus inputs (Erdozain et al. ). But as described in Erdozain et al.…”

“…All the variables considered are summarized in Appendix : Table S2, but the detailed description of how these variables were measured can be found in Erdozain et al. ().…”

“…For the remaining categories (with fewer variables), only the most representative variables were selected (Table ) as explained in Erdozain et al. ().…”

“…, Richardson and Béraud , Erdozain et al. ). It can be hypothesized that an increased flux of terrestrial materials into streams could be directly (e.g., via invertebrates consuming terrestrial materials) or indirectly (e.g., via microbes recycling terrestrial DOC) incorporated into the food webs, resulting in a more allochthonous food web after forest harvesting.…”

“…We predicted that macroinvertebrates would mainly rely on allochthonous resources and that this reliance would increase with increasing forest management intensity owing to elevated delivery of terrestrial materials to streams observed in these streams (Erdozain et al. ) and the direct or indirect incorporation of these materials into the food webs.…”