Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans

Schwartz, Mathew; Geng, Yong; Agha, Hakam; Kizhakidathazhath, Rijeesh; Liu, Danqing; Lenzini, Gabriele; Lagerwall, Jan P. F.

doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ac0060

Cited by 15 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…For instance, since CSRs can be made left-and right-circular polarized, we can use them to encode binary information. Schwartz et al [5] have envisioned using this feature to make fiducial markers, which are black and white codes that help robots navigate in an environment. In this idea, CSRs work at macroscopic level: by using polarized lenses (such as the 3D glasses we enjoy at movie theaters) the left and right polarized presence can be revealed and separated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ColorDistance[b.color, b .color] < δ δ and δ are thresholds, and ColorDistance is a distance over RGB color space. We can construct local matching structures [22,23], MatchingBlobs[z, z i ] as the set of minutiae in Blobs[z] and Blobs[z i ] in relation to one another according to (5). After the image alignment, given a local structure, we can calculate a global matching score as follows:…”

Section: Algorithms Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSR IDs were produced by the Experimental Soft Matter Physics (ESMP) group of the Department of Physics and Materials Science at the University of Luxembourg. The group is constantly working on improving CSR physical and optical properties [3,5,24]. For this work, they produced two batches of tags, using different production processes: Process One and Process Two.…”

Section: Csr Ids and Response Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selective reflection coming from CSRs can be controlled by adjusting the chemical composition of the liquid crystals, and so can be the size of the droplets during the production process; as well the positions of CSRs and the distribution of different CSR types [1,2]. Specific features of the light source, such as the angle of incidence and polarization, provide an advantage for unpredictability [1][2][3] and these unpredictable and unique optical reflection patterns can be captured with a mobile camera [4,5]. Lenzini et al [4] suggested that ChLC-shells have intrinsic unclonable properties and therefore may be used as Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) for security applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Cholesteric Spherical Reflector Identifiers for Object Authenticity Verification

Arenas

Demirci

Lenzini

2022

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Arrays of Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors (CSRs), microscopic cholesteric liquid crystals in a spherical shape, have been argued to become a game-changing technology in anti-counterfeiting. Used to build identifiable tags or coating, called CSR IDs, they can supply objects with unclonable fingerprint-like characteristics, making it possible to authenticate objects. In a previous study, we have shown how to extract minutiæ from CSR IDs. In this journal version, we build on that previous research, consolidate the methodology, and test it over CSR IDs obtained by different production processes. We measure the robustness and reliability of our procedure on large and variegate sets of CSR IDs’ images taken with a professional microscope (Laboratory Data set) and with a microscope that could be used in a realistic scenario (Realistic Data set). We measure intra-distance and interdistance, proving that we can distinguish images coming from the same CSR ID from images of different CSR IDs. However, without surprise, images in Laboratory Data set have an intra-distance that on average is less, and with less variance, than the intra-distance between responses from Realistic Data set. With this evidence, we discuss a few requirements for an anti-counterfeiting technology based on CSRs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Algorithms Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Csr Ids and Response Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Cholesteric Spherical Reflector Identifiers for Object Authenticity Verification

Arenas

Demirci

Lenzini

2022

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“…CSR tags emerged as potential optical PUFs due to the diverse and unpredictable responses in different wavelengths, ranging from infrared, passing through the visible light until the ultraviolet spectrum, which allows use cases in a variety of applications. One of the potential applications is in anti-counterfeiting technologies, in which the read-out can be smartphone cameras (for overt tags) or low-cost optical components for reading covert tags; but other applications have been proposed, e.g., for robot navigation and in relation to digital twin models [19].…”

Section: Background and State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors as Physical Unclonable Identifiers in Anti-counterfeiting

Arenas

Demirci

Lenzini

2021

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security

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Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors (CSRs) are made of droplets of cholesteric liquid crystals (the same material under the screen of our mobile phones) but molded in a spherical shape and hardened into a solid. CSRs have a peculiar behavior when illuminated: they reflect light and produce unique optical patterns whose full display is hardly predictable. They have been argued to behave like an optical Physical Unclonable Function (PUF), therefore finding application in anti-counterfeiting, in particular for object authentication. However, a fundamental challenge remains open: to understand what makes each optical response unique and how to extract this identifying information reliably and repeatedly. We study the problem, and we design and discuss two pivotal procedures to build authentication protocols for objects coated with CSRs. We test the quality of our procedures against large data sets of pattern images: images from CSRs are used to calculate inter-and intra-distance; simulated patterns created artificially are used to measure security in terms of false positive ratio. Our procedures successfully cluster images coming from the same CSR, distinguishing them from images of different CSRs and decoys. Our work is one of the few that has studied procedures of information extraction for materials derived from CSRs. It advances the state of the art in this area, closing the gap between the research on optical PUFs and practical applications. CCS CONCEPTS• Security and privacy → Authentication; Access control.

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When Chirophotonic Film Meets Wrinkles: Viewing Angle Independent Corrugated Photonic Crystal Paper

Lim

Jang

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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Light manipulation strategies of nature have fascinated humans for centuries. In particular, structural colors are of considerable interest due to their ability to control the interaction between light and matter. Here, wrinkled photonic crystal papers (PCPs) are fabricated to demonstrate the consistent reflection of colors regardless of viewing angles. The nanoscale molecular self‐assembly of a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) with a microscale corrugated surface is combined. Fully polymerizable CLC paints are uniaxially coated onto a wrinkled interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) substrate. Photopolymerization of the helicoidal nanostructures results in a flexible and free‐standing PCP. The facile method of fabricating the wrinkled PCPs provides a scalable route for the development of novel chirophotonic materials with precisely controlled helical pitch and curvature dimensions. The reflection notch position of the flat PCP shifts to a lower wavelength when the viewing angle increased, while the selective reflection wavelength of wrinkled PCP is remained consistent regardless of viewing angles. The optical reflection of the 1D stripe‐wrinkled PCP is dependent on the wrinkle direction. PCPs with different corrugated directions can be patterned to reduce the angular‐dependent optical reflection of wrinkles. Furthermore, 2D wavy‐wrinkled PCP is successfully developed that exhibit directionally independent reflection of color.

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Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans

Abstract: Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans. Multifunctional Materials, 4(2), [022002].

Cited by 15 publications

References 66 publications

An Analysis of Cholesteric Spherical Reflector Identifiers for Object Authenticity Verification

An Analysis of Cholesteric Spherical Reflector Identifiers for Object Authenticity Verification

Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors as Physical Unclonable Identifiers in Anti-counterfeiting

When Chirophotonic Film Meets Wrinkles: Viewing Angle Independent Corrugated Photonic Crystal Paper

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