Linking personality and "scientific" psychology: The development of empirically derived Thematic Apperception Test measures.

Winter, David G.

doi:10.1037/10334-008

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, gradual changes in scoring strategies yielded dramatic improvements in the psychometrics of the TAT and TATbased measures (e.g., Costantino & Malgady, 1999;Winter, 1999). For example, McClelland and Atkinson (1948) devised a scoring system that increased the predictive validity of the TAT, allowing researchers to predict important outcome variables such as achievement, persistence at challenging tasks, economic success, adaptation to life changes, job performance, and career choice (see McClelland, 1999, andWinter, 1999, for reviews).…”

Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like the current measures of implicit self-esteem, the TAT is an indirect assessment tool that was devised in an effort to explore "unconscious processes.. .of which the subject [is] not aware" (Murray, 1973; as cited in Anderson, 1999, p. 36). Also like the implicit self-esteem measures, early versions of the TAT had weak psychometric properties such as poor interrater and internal reliabilities, low test-retest correlations, and weak correlations with self-report measures (e.g., Entwisle, 1972;Fineman, 1977;McClelland, 1980;Weinberger & McClelland, 1990;Winter, 1999).…”

Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, McClelland and Atkinson (1948) devised a scoring system that increased the predictive validity of the TAT, allowing researchers to predict important outcome variables such as achievement, persistence at challenging tasks, economic success, adaptation to life changes, job performance, and career choice (see McClelland, 1999, andWinter, 1999, for reviews). Perhaps there is a lesson to be learned here.…”

Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?

Bosson

Swann²,

Pennebaker³

2000

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

906

927

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Recent interest in the implicit self-esteem construct has led to the creation and use of several new assessment toots whose psychometric properties have not been fully explored. In this article, the authors investigated the reliability and validity of seven implicit self-esteem measures. The different implicit measures did not correlate with each other, and they correlated only weakly with measures of explicit self-esteem. Only some of the implicit measures demonstrated good test-retest reliabilities, and overall, the implicit measures were limited in their ability to predict our criterion variables. Finally, there was some evidence that implicit self-esteem measures are sensitive to context. The implications of these findings for the future of implicit self-esteem research are discussed.According to Indian folklore, there were once six blind men who had heard of the animal called the elephant but did not know what one was like. To satisfy their curiosity, they decided one day to use their sense of touch to determine the creature's appearance. Matters became confusing, however, when each man touched a different part of the elephant and became convinced that he alone understood its true nature. "The elephant is very like a snake!" proclaimed the man who had touched its trunk. The fellow who had touched its side, however, declared the elephant to be **nothing but a wall," whereas the man who touched the creature's tusk claimed that the elephant was "like a spear," and so on. It is no wonder, then, that the six men could not agree on the true appearance of the elephant (Saxe, 1936).We see two compelling parallels between the tale of The Blind Men and the Elephant and the current state of implicit self-esteem research. First, implicit self-esteem researchers, like the six blind men, are involved in a process of giving shape to something that cannot be seen, something whose characteristics must be inferred. Second, like the blind men, researchers tend to use their own idiosyncratic strategies for measuring implicit self-esteem, yielding many different (and perhaps nonoverlapping) pictures of the underlying construct.1 In this article, we attempt to uncover the "elephant" by examining the different strategies that researchers have devised in their explorations of implicit self-esteem. To this end, we assess the psychometric properties of several different measures of implicit self-esteem, and we ask whether they tap into

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Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Swannmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?

Bosson

Swann²,

Pennebaker³

2000

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

906

927

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although tl1e PRF is often used in contemporary motive disposition research, the classic theorizing of McClelland, Atkinson, and Murray concerned primarily nonconscious motives, which could be measured only indirectly, via projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) or the Picture Story Exercise (see Schultheiss & Pang, 2007;Winter, 1999). In other words, the PRF measures explicit motives (self-attributed motives, according to McClelland et al, 1989), which can be distinguished from implicit or nonconscious motives (McClelland et al, 1989).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Wanting, having, and needing: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory.

Sheldon¹,

Schüler²

2011

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

157

166

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Four studies explored the motivational and experiential dynamics of psychological needs, applying both self-determination theory and motive disposition theory. In all 4 studies, motive dispositions toward achievement and affiliation ("wanting" particular experiences) predicted corresponding feelings of competence and relatedness ("having" those experiences). Competence and relatedness in turn predicted well-being, again indicating that these 2 experiences may really be "needed." Illuminating how wanting gets to having, in Studies 2 and 3, participants reported greater self-concordance for motive-congruent goals, which, in longitudinal Study 3, predicted greater attainment of those goals and thus enhanced well-being. Study 4 replicated selected earlier results using an implicit as well as an explicit motive disposition measure. Supporting the presumed universality of competence and relatedness needs, in no studies did motive dispositions moderate the effects of corresponding need-satisfaction on well-being. Discussion focuses on a "sequential process" model of psychological needs that views needs as both motives that instigate and outcomes that reward behavior.

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“…Here, motives were aroused in participants through suitable motivational arousal conditions and the content of their picture stories were compared to groups of participants whose motives were not experimentally aroused (see Winter 1999). More up to date studies showed that the PSE-measured affiliation, power and achievement motives predict affective responses to incentives (e.g., Fodor et al 2006), direct attention (e.g.…”

Section: Three Examples Of Implicit Motive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG

et al. 2015

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Implicit motive research has shown that implicit motives are important predictors of behavior and well-being. However, little is known about the interrelationship between the different implicit motives measures frequently applied. We aimed to shed light on the convergent validity of three implicit motive measures and wanted to test their assumed statistical independence from three explicit motive measures. Therefore, we administered the picture story exercise (PSE), the operant motive test (OMT), and the multi-motive grid in one and the same study. As explicit measures, we used the personality research form, the motive enactment test, and a goal questionnaire. We investigated the statistical overlaps between all these measures (sample: 202 undergraduate students) and found that the implicit motive measures showed either no or only little correlation with each other. Furthermore, they also partly correlated with explicit motive measures. Supplementary analyses showed that the lack of statistical overlap between PSE and OMT can partly be ascribed to their different scoring systems.

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Linking personality and "scientific" psychology: The development of empirically derived Thematic Apperception Test measures.

Abstract: With this complex scheme, it took 7 pages to analyze a single TAT story, leading Tomkins (1947) to conclude that "this sample of the application of the scoring scheme may well discourage the reader from ever attempting to score the TAT" (p. 41).

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?

Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?

Wanting, having, and needing: Integrating motive disposition theory and self-determination theory.

Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG

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