Linking Fluorometry to Radiometry with Physical and Chemical Transfer Standards: Instrument Characterization and Traceable Fluorescence Measurements

Determination of the photoluminescence quantum yield of dilute dye solutions (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…Determination of all quantities and parameters that can affect the spectral position, spectral shape, and intensity of fluorescence signals [36,41,48,55,57]. This includes: i) wavelength accuracy of the instrument's excitation and/or emission channel, ii) range of linearity of the instrument's detection system, and…”

“…This includes consideration of the wavelength-and polarizationdependent spectral responsivity of the fluorometer's detection system [emission correction, obtained, e.g., with a spectral radiance transfer standard of known spectral radiance (L λ ), traceable to a radiometric scale], yielding corrected emission spectra, I c (λ ex ,λ em ), see eq. 3 and [36,38,41,44,48,57,58]. iv) Integration of the corrected emission spectra of sample and standard on a wavelength scale, see eq.…”

Characterization of photoluminescence measuring systems (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…3. K is a factor that takes into account the geometry of the instrument, including the overlap between the excitation and emission volumes within the sample [37]; K includes the probability for detection of a photon emitted from the illuminated volume. The factors λ ex /hc and hc/λ em in eq.…”

Fluorescence standards: Classification, terminology, and recommendations on their selection, use, and production (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…As the use of neither quantum counters [1,48,51,[106][107][108] nor actinometers [109][110][111] is advisable [112] (see also ref. [76]), scope-relevant requirements on these materials were omitted.…”