Linkages between plant litter decomposition, litter quality, and vegetation responses to herbivores

Abstract

Summary1. There is increasing awareness that similar suites of plant traits may govern foliage palatability and litter decomposability, but whether there is an association between the response of vegetation to herbivory and litter decomposition rates across plant species remains unexplored. 2. We collected 141 samples of litter from 59 understorey and 18 canopy tree species from a total of 28 sites under natural forest throughout New Zealand. We assessed whether variables related to decomposition and quality of litter of the understorey species showed a statistical relationship with the response of vegetation density (assessed using a pole-intercept method) of the same species at the same locations to browsing by deer and goats. Decomposition and nutrient-loss data from litter were obtained using standardized laboratory bioassays.3. There was a significant positive correlation between litter decomposition rate and the extent to which vegetation density was reduced by browsing mammals ( r = 0·488, P < 0·001). Further, decomposition rate and vegetation response to herbivory were both correlated with several of the same litter quality variables. 4. The proportion of total initial phosphorus and nitrogen released from litter during decomposition was correlated with litter decomposition rate, but not with vegetation density response to browsing. This suggests that effects of browsers on vegetation composition are more likely to influence ecosystem carbon flow than nitrogen or phosphorus flow. 5. Litter-mixing experiments showed that good quality litters produced by plant species reduced by browsers tended to promote the decomposition of other litters. Meanwhile, poor quality litters from species promoted by browsers tended to decompose more rapidly when mixed with other litter types than when by themselves. However, these effects were weak and likely to be less important than the more direct effects of browsing mammals on vegetation composition. 6. The relationships between litter decomposition and effect of herbivory on vegetation density were driven primarily by differences among the main plant functional groups, which showed the same decreasing rank order for both variables: large-leaved dicots, small-leaved dicots, Nothofagus , ferns, and monocots. 7. The implications of these results for understanding how herbivores affect the decomposer subsystem are considered. Because the results of this work are only partially consistent with those of an earlier study on how browsers affect decomposer organisms and processes, conducted at the same 28 field sites, other mechanisms through which browser effects are manifested below-ground must often override that investigated in this study.

Suppression of Regeneration in New Zealand Mountain Beech Forests is Dependent on Species of Introduced Deer

“…They also suggested that there is a group of small-leaved shrubs with stems >3 mm diameter that are resistant to mammalian browsing. This is consistent with the results of this study and those of Wardle et al (2002) who found that small-leaved plants, often with stems >3 mm diameter, did not generally benefit from ungulate exclusion in many New Zealand regions. Most experimental studies have failed to show a benefit from the divaricating form for protection from cold, wind or low humidity (Kelly and Ogle 1990;McGlone and Clarkson 1993;Darrow et al 2001), and so defence from herbivory may be the best explanation for this adaptation.…”

Leaf productivity along a precipitation gradient in lowland Panama: patterns from leaf to ecosystem

“…Currently, few studies address how leaf chemistry influences energy flow to herbivores and decomposers simultaneously. However, several reports suggest that antiherbivore defenses may continue to function against decomposers during decomposition (Grime et al 1996;Wardle et al 2002). Patterns of leaf physiology, chemistry and structural defenses identified across this precipitation gradient suggest that lower food quality and higher allocation to structural defenses in wetter forest may contribute to reduced litter quality.…”

The Abundance of Fungi, Bacteria and Denitrification Genes during Insect Outbreaks in Scots Pine Forests

“…Overall, the effects of the organic input derived by phytophagous insects affecting fungal and bacterial gene abundance are poorly understood. However, bacteria are known to arrange a rapid turnover of easily decomposable compounds derived from litter, while fungi dominate a turnover of more complex organic compounds [20,21]. In acidic soils of pine forests, denitrification is expected to be an important driver for N turnover as nitrification rates in these "non-nitrifying" ecosystems are often negligibly low [6,22] and the nitrate reduction potential and nitrogen loss via denitrification are shown to be increased in these soils [23].…”