“…D2D communication can solve the traffic overload problem by distributing concentrated traffic to the core network. Thus, D2D communications have attracted attention and have been actively studied in academia and industry [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Already, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has been standardized as Proximity Services (ProSe) [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] and Sidelink [ 15 ] to include D2D communication functions.…”