Link between star formation and the properties of supermassive black holes

Mountrichas, George; Buat, Véronique

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347392

A&A

2023

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347392

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Link between star formation and the properties of supermassive black holes

George Mountrichas,

Véronique Buat

Abstract: It is well known that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies undergo a process of co-evolution. Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) plays an important role in this symbiosis. To study the effect of AGN feedback on the host galaxy, one popular method is to study the star formation rate (SFR) as a function of the X-ray luminosity (LX). However, hydrodynamical simulations suggest that the cumulative impact of AGN feedback on a galaxy is encapsulated in the mass of the SMBH, MBH, rather t… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 5 publications

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The properties of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies for type 1 and 2 active galactic nuclei in the eFEDS and COSMOS fields

Mountrichas,

Georgantopoulos

2024

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In this study, our primary objective is to compare the properties of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies between type 1 and type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In our analysis, we use X-ray detected sources in two fields, namely the eFEDS and the COSMOS-Legacy . To classify the X-ray sources, we performed a spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting analysis, using the CIGALE code. The robustness of our analysis was paramount so, to ensure this, we imposed stringent selection criteria. Thus, only sources with extensive photometric data across the optical, near- and mid-infrared part of the spectrum and reliable host galaxy properties and classifications were included. The final sample consists of 3,312 AGNs, of which 3\,049 are classified as type 1 and 263 as type 2. The sources span a redshift range of $ 0.5<z<3.5$ and encompass a wide range of X-ray luminosities, falling within $ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ <46$. Our results show that type 2 AGNs exhibit a tendency to inhabit more massive galaxies, by $0.2-0.3$\,dex (on a logarithmic scale), compared to type 1 sources. Type 2 AGNs also display, on average, lower specific black hole accretion rates, a proxy of the Eddington ratio, compared to type 1 AGNs. These differences persist across all redshifts and L$_X$ considered within our dataset. Moreover, our analysis uncovers that type 2 sources tend to have lower star formation rates compared to type 1 AGNs at $ z<1$. This picture reverses at $ z>2$ and $ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ >44$. Similar patterns emerge when we categorize AGNs based on their X-ray obscuration levels ($N_H$). However, in this case, the observed differences are pronounced only for low-to-intermediate L$_X$ AGNs and are also sensitive to the $ N_H$ threshold applied for the AGN classification. These comprehensive findings enhance our understanding of the intricate relationships governing AGN types and their host galaxy properties across diverse cosmic epochs and luminosity regimes.

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The properties of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies for type 1 and 2 active galactic nuclei in the eFEDS and COSMOS fields

Mountrichas,

Georgantopoulos

2024

A&A

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The link among X-ray spectral properties, AGN structure, and the host galaxy

Mountrichas,

Viitanen,

Carrera

et al. 2024

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In this work, we compare the supermassive black hole (SMBH) and host galaxy properties of X-ray obscured and unobscured AGN. For that purpose, we used $ 35\,000$ X-ray detected AGN in the 4XMM-DR11 catalogue for which there are available measurements for their X-ray spectral parameters, such as the hydrogen column density, N$_H$, and photon index, Gamma , from the XMM2Athena Horizon 2020 European project. We constructed the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the sources, and we calculated the host galaxy properties via SED fitting analysis, utilising the CIGALE code. We applied strict photometric requirements and quality selection criteria to include only sources with robust X-ray and SED fitting measurements. Our sample consists of 1\,443 AGN. In the first part of our analysis, we used different N$_H$ thresholds $) while also taking into account the uncertainties associated with the N$_H$ measurements in order to classify these sources as obscured and unobscured (or mildly obscured). We find that obscured AGN tend to live in more massive systems (by $ 0.1$\,dex) that have a lower star-formation rate, SFR, (by $ 0.25$\,dex) compared to their unobscured counterparts. However, only the difference in stellar mass, M$_*$, appears statistically significant ($>2 The results do not depend on the N$_H$ threshold used to classify AGN. The differences in M$_*$ and SFR are not statistically significant for luminous AGN ($ X,2-10\,KeV )> 44$). Our findings also show that unobscured AGN have, on average, higher specific black hole accretion rates, $ sBHAR $, compared to their obscured counterparts, a parameter which is often used as a proxy of the Eddington ratio. In the second part of our analysis, we cross-matched the 1\,443 X-ray AGN with the SDSS DR16 quasar catalogue of Wu and Shen to obtain information on the SMBH properties of our sources. This resulted in 271 type 1 AGN at $ z<1.9$. Our findings show that type 1 AGN with increased N$_H$ $) tend to have higher black hole masses, M$_ BH $, compared to AGN with lower N$_H$ values at similar M$_*$. The M$_ BH $, but it exhibits signs of increasing at higher N$_H$ values. Finally, we detected a correlation between Gamma and Eddington ratios, but only for type 1 sources with N$_H<10^

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Probing star formation rates and histories in AGN and non-AGN galaxies across diverse cosmic environments and X-ray luminosity ranges

Mountrichas,

Siudek,

Cucciati

2024

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In this work, we compare the star formation rates (SFRs) and star formation histories (SFHs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and non-AGN galaxies. We explore these aspects across different density fields and over three orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity (L$_X$). For that purpose, we employed X-ray AGNs detected in the XMM-XXL field and constructed a galaxy control sample, using sources from the VIPERS catalogue. We applied strict photometric and quality selection criteria to ensure that only sources with robust (host) galaxy measurements were included in the analysis. Our final samples consist of 149 X-ray AGNs with $ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ <45$ and 3\,488 non-AGN systems. The sources span a redshift range of $ 0.5<z<1.0$ and have stellar masses within, $10.5< M_*(M_ odot) <11.5$. For these systems, we adopted the available measurements for their local densities and their spectral lines (D$_n$4000) from the VIPERS catalogue. To compare the SFRs of these two populations, we calculated the SFR$_ norm $ parameter. The latter is defined as the ratio of the SFRs of AGNs to the SFRs of non-AGN galaxies with similar M$_*$ and redshift. Our findings reveal that low- and moderate-L$_X$ AGNs ($ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ <44$) that reside in low-density fields have a nearly flat SFR$_ norm -$L$_X$ relation. In contrast, the AGNs of similar L$_X$ values that reside in high-density environments present an increase in SFR$_ norm $ with L$_X$. These results are in line with previous studies. Notably, our results suggest that the most luminous of the AGNs ($ L_ X,2-10keV (ergs^ >44$) exhibit an increased SFR in comparison to non-AGN galaxies. This trend appears to be independent of the density of the environment. Furthermore, for AGNs with similar L$_X$, those in high-density regions tend to have higher SFR$_ norm $ values compared to their counterparts in low-density areas. Comparisons of the D$_n$4000 spectral index, which serves as a proxy for the age of the stellar population, reveals that low- and moderate-L$_X$ AGNs reside in galaxies with comparable stellar populations with non-AGN systems, regardless of the density field they are situated in. However, the most luminous X-ray sources tend to reside in galaxies that have younger stellar populations, as compared to non-AGN galaxies, regardless of the galaxy's environment.

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Link between star formation and the properties of supermassive black holes

Cited by 5 publications

References 81 publications

The properties of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies for type 1 and 2 active galactic nuclei in the eFEDS and COSMOS fields

The properties of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies for type 1 and 2 active galactic nuclei in the eFEDS and COSMOS fields

The link among X-ray spectral properties, AGN structure, and the host galaxy

Probing star formation rates and histories in AGN and non-AGN galaxies across diverse cosmic environments and X-ray luminosity ranges

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