Linguistic Validation of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) for Global Use

Abstract

A valid and reliable quantitative measure of chronic pain is essential for developing and evaluating interventions that aim to treat pain. In dogs, the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) was originally adapted from a human measure, the Brief Pain Inventory, to assess owner-perceived pain and the impact of such pain on a dog's daily functioning. To be reliable and valid, data collected using a translated instrument should have evidence it is an accurate representation of the original instrument and is culturally appropriate for use in the intended context. To achieve this, instruments should undergo a rigorous translation process and be debriefed in the intended population of use. The CBPI is widely accepted and has been fully validated for use in US-English, Swedish, Italian, and French (France); further translation and validation of the CBPI is required to increase access to and use in other languages and countries. The objective of this study was to linguistically validate the CBPI for global use (Australia, China, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands and Portugal). In cognitive debriefing with a representative sample of dog owners in the target countries it was confirmed that the translations of the CBPI adequately convey the concepts in the original US-English version and that items are easily understood by dog owners. The results of the linguistic validation process thus produced measures that are conceptually equivalent to the original US-English-language CBPI and are culturally appropriate for use in the target countries.

Assessment of potential maladaptive pain in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis using a von Frey aesthesiometer

“…In addition, testing a region distal to the area affected by the pathology has been used in other studies, where a lower mechanical threshold was detected in regions distal to the joint (hip or stifle) of dogs affected by OA. 6 As widespread hyperaesthesia is considered to be a consequence of altered pain modulation at the spinal or supraspinal level, testing an area distal to a lesion (e.g., osteoarthritic joint) is reported to be a more robust way of identifying maladaptive pain, suggesting the presence of central sensitisation. 30 Further research into the presence of secondary hyperalgesia and maladaptive pain in dogs with elbow OA, and the underlying aetiopathogenesis of such pain, may help identify potential in more centrally acting and/or novel analgesics for the long-term pain management of affected dogs.…”

“…Testing using the carpal pad was previously reported, 28,29 and is considered more straightforward and reproducible. In addition, testing a region distal to the area affected by the pathology has been used in other studies, where a lower mechanical threshold was detected in regions distal to the joint (hip or stifle) of dogs affected by OA 6 . As widespread hyperaesthesia is considered to be a consequence of altered pain modulation at the spinal or supraspinal level, testing an area distal to a lesion (e.g., osteoarthritic joint) is reported to be a more robust way of identifying maladaptive pain, suggesting the presence of central sensitisation 30 .…”

“…Elbow OA is estimated to affect 20% of adult dogs, 3 resulting in chronic pain and lameness, which is challenging to manage and becomes increasingly disabling for the dogs 4 . Objective assessment of pain and response to treatment is difficult, 5 so subjective visual analysis and owner questionnaire assessments, such as the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), 6 the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI) 7 and the Liverpool Osteoarthritis Assessment in Dogs (LOAD) clinical metrology instrument, are often used in the clinical setting. The LOAD instrument is widely used, having been tested for construct validity against CBPI and HCPI instruments, and shows a significant although weak correlation with force‐plate data 8 .…”

Comparative analysis of post-operative rehabilitation approaches for medial patellar luxation in small-breed dogs

“…In addition, owners evaluated the canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) according to an explanation from a veterinarian. The CBPI questionnaire encompassed three components: Pain severity score (PSS), pain interference score (PIS), and QOL evaluation [20,21]. PSS and PIS were determined on the basis of responses to four questions and six questions, respectively.…”

Translation and linguistic validation into Spanish of the Owner-Reported Outcome Measure “Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs”

“…Linguistic validation is the process by which the cultural adequacy and conceptual equivalence of translated elements are assessed to ensure that the content validity of the original element is not affected by translation ( 12 ). This reduces the risk of data invalidity resulting from incorrect translation and ensures that variations in population responses are attributable to genuine differences rather than discrepancies caused by inappropriate data collection methods ( 13 ).…”