Linguistic Factors: Antilocutions, Ethnonyms, Ethnophaulisms, and Other Varieties of Hate Speech

Mullen, Brian; Leader, Tirza

doi:10.1002/9780470773963.ch12

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…With particular reference to hate speech, most previous considerations seem to have assumed that it is the negative valence of ethnophaulisms that constitutes the element of hate in hate speech (e.g., Davis & Dollard, 1964, p. 293;Greenberg et al, 1988, p. 75;Palmore, 1962, p. 442). Moreover, consider the remarkable frequency with which Allport (1954) used ethnophaulisms to illustrate his conceptualization of prejudice: Ethnophaulisms were employed for illustrative purposes in 14, or about half, of his 31 chapters; on average, Allport (1954) did not cover more than 11 pages without using at least one ethnophaulism to illustrate some element of prejudice (Mullen & Leader, 2005). However, all of these illustrations emphasize the negative valence of ethnophaulisms, and at no point did Allport consider the complexity of ethnophaulisms.…”

Section: The Prepotency Of Complexity In Ethnophaulismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the "hate" into hate speech?

Leader¹,

Mullen²,

Rice³

2009

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ethnophaulisms (A. A. Roback, 1944) are the words used as ethnic slurs to refer to out-groups in hate speech. The results of previous archival research have suggested that it is the complexity, more so than the valence, of ethnophaulisms that predicts the exclusion of ethnic immigrant out-groups from the receiving society. This article reports the results of 3 experimental examinations of the relative contributions of complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms to the exclusion of an ethnic out-group. Experiment 1 demonstrated that exclusion of the ethnic out-group was increased by the use of low-complexity ethnophaulisms. Experiment 2 demonstrated that exclusion of the ethnic out-group decreased by the use of high-complexity ethnophaulisms. Experiment 3 confirmed the demonstration that exclusion decreased by the use of a different set of high-complexity ethnophaulisms. The results of these three experiments converge to indicate that low complexity exerts more of an effect than negative valences on the exclusion of an ethnic out-group. The implications of these results for theoretical approaches to intergroup behavior are considered.

show abstract

Section: The Prepotency Of Complexity In Ethnophaulismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the "hate" into hate speech?

Leader¹,

Mullen²,

Rice³

2009

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Concurring with Perry and Olson (2009), Commaerts (2009), cited in Christoforou (2014), demonstrates how the internet hosts racial hatred and discrimination talks. Mullen and Leader (2005) on the other hand, examined the nature of derogatory language in the American perspective and came up with contextualized "nouns that cut slices" and promote prejudice and exclusion of the target. Kenya comprises a uniquely different context thus making it interesting to find out how this alters the manifestation forms and patterns of online hate speech.…”

Section: Overview Of Research On Onlinehate Speech Discoursementioning

confidence: 99%

A Forensic Interpretation of Hateful Micro-Speech Acts and Performative Modality in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 Election-Kenya

Irimba

Ndambuki

Mwithi

2021

IJLLT

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The increasing shift of human activities to online spaces in Kenya has resulted in the new behaviours among internet consumers. One such behaviour is the growing online public journalism phenomenon amid legal and regulatory gaps permeating expression of online hate speech rhetoric disguised as ‘politically correct talk’ which often goes unquestioned despite its injurious force and the potential to precipitate physical violence in the long run. To judge content as hateful, Kenya’s judicial processes rely the establishment of speech intention to hurt a legally protected entity. However, hate speech law enforcers lack skill and capacity to accurately determine the pragmatic force of hateful language. This article, which is a part of broad study that examined the discursive construction of online hate rhetoric, examines the injurious potential of online micro-speech acts and performative modality of selected Facebook posts and tweets constituting the day-to-day communicative practices online during the 2017 general election in Kenya. Working within forensic-based Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) framework, we analyse a purposive sample of 160 posts; FB (120) and Twitter (40) collected through online observation of Facebook groups and hashtags trending in Kenya between July and November 2017. The findings show how micro-speech acts and performative modality worked in service of aggressive ideology in the form of overt and covert appeals for collective prejudice against marked ethno-political out-groups. These insights are relevant for policy makers such as NCIC, KHR and CAK as well as the hate speech law enforcers especially National Police Service and prosecutors in understanding how certain commonsensical day to day online communicative practices yield pragmatic potential to propagate ideologically rooted culture of hate and violence in multi-ethnic cultural contexts such as Kenya.

show abstract

“…More broadly, the potential effects of ethnonyms on the in-group may represent an illustration of Allport's (1954) notion of verbal realism, or the tendency for responses to words to be as strong as the responses to the things represented by the words (see Mullen & Leader, 2005). This proposition is illustrated by Allport's description of ethnophaulisms as “fighting words,” which evoke as much response in their out-group targets as actual physical attacks.…”

Section: An Introduction To the Study Of Ethnonymsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as recently observed by Mullen and Leader (2005), the names used for out-groups have received considerably more attention in the study of intergroup behavior than the names used for in-groups. Ethnonyms 1 (Levin & Potapov, 1964; from the Greek roots meaning “a national group” and “name”) are the names an in-group uses to distinguish itself from out-groups (Alexandre, 1983; Kobozeva, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A social psychological study of ethnonyms: Cognitive representation of the in-group and intergroup hostility.

Mullen¹,

Calogero²,

Leader³

2007

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ethnonyms (M. G. Levin & L. P. Potapov, 1964; from the Greek roots meaning "a national group" and "name") are the names an in-group uses to distinguish itself from out-groups. There has been no social psychological research to date exploring the effects of ethnonyms. The authors report the results of 3 studies examining the potential effects of various features of ethnonyms on intergroup behavior. Analyses of archival data indicate that among indigenous African cultures (Study 1), indigenous Native American cultures (Study 2), and African Americans (Study 3), intergroup hostility was greater among in-groups characterized by less complex ethnonyms. Discussion considers the implications of these results and suggests new directions for research in the social psychological study of ethnonyms.

show abstract

Linguistic Factors: Antilocutions, Ethnonyms, Ethnophaulisms, and Other Varieties of Hate Speech

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the "hate" into hate speech?

Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the "hate" into hate speech?

A Forensic Interpretation of Hateful Micro-Speech Acts and Performative Modality in Facebook and Twitter during 2017 Election-Kenya

A social psychological study of ethnonyms: Cognitive representation of the in-group and intergroup hostility.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About