LINEs, SINEs and other retroelements: do birds of a feather flock together?

Abstract

Mobile elements account for almost half of the mass of the human genome. Only the retroelements from the non-LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposon family, which include the LINE-1 (L1) and its non-autonomous partners, are currently active and contributing to new insertions. Although these elements seem to share the same basic amplification mechanism, the activity and success of the different types of retroelements varies. For example, Alu-induced mutagenesis is responsible for the majority of the documented instances of human disease induced by insertion of retroelements. Using copy number in mammals as an indicator, some SINEs have been vastly more successful than other retroelements, such as the retropseudogenes and even L1, likely due to differences in post-insertion selection and ability to overcome cellular controls. SINE and LINE integration can be differentially influenced by cellular factors, indicating some differences between in their amplification mechanisms. We focus on the known aspects of this group of retroelements and highlight their similarities and differences that may significantly influence their biological impact.

Investigation of repetitive sequences in the human genome

“…Experiments in cultured mammalian cells show both ORF1 and ORF2 proteins are required for LINE1 retrotransposition [11,13]. Since LINE1 can amply itself by its proteins, it is also classified as an autonomous element [11].…”

“…The ORF1 encodes a binding protein with nucleic acid chaperone activity [11,12]. The ORF2 encodes a multifunctional protein with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase capabilities [11,13,14]. Experiments in cultured mammalian cells show both ORF1 and ORF2 proteins are required for LINE1 retrotransposition [11,13].…”

“…The ORF2 encodes a multifunctional protein with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase capabilities [11,13,14]. Experiments in cultured mammalian cells show both ORF1 and ORF2 proteins are required for LINE1 retrotransposition [11,13]. Since LINE1 can amply itself by its proteins, it is also classified as an autonomous element [11].…”

“…The human LINE1 is about 6000 bps containing a 5 UTR(five prime untranslated region), two open reading frames(ORF1 and ORF2), a 3 UTR(three prime untranslated region) and an A-tail((A) n , multiple pure adenine) [11]. The ORF1 encodes a binding protein with nucleic acid chaperone activity [11,12].…”

“…The ORF1 encodes a binding protein with nucleic acid chaperone activity [11,12]. The ORF2 encodes a multifunctional protein with endonuclease and reverse transcriptase capabilities [11,13,14].…”