Linear Optimization Based Distribution Grid Flexibility Aggregation Augmented With OLTC Operational Flexibilities

Abstract

The research project "SiNED -System Services for secure electricity grids in times of advancing energy transition and digital transformation" acknowledges the support of the Lower Saxony Ministry of Science and Culture through the "Niedersächsisches Vorab" grant program (grant ZN3563) and of the Energy Research Centre of Lower Saxony."ABSTRACT Ancillary services e.g., voltage control, congestion management and frequency control, require to be compensated increasingly from the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). DERs are predominantly wind and photo-voltaic power plants, the major share of which are installed at the distribution grid level. Therefore, the previously passive distribution grids require transformation towards a more active role. Provision of ancillary services from the distribution grid level, requires assessment of active and reactive power flexibility (PQ-flexibility) potentials. Furthermore, increased renewable penetration correlates to increased responsibility of the Distribution System Operators (DSOs) for assessing the flexibility potentials. An aggregation of distribution grid potentials, subject to technical grid constraints and technological power limitations, is termed as Feasible Operating Region (FOR) of the distribution grid. The FOR effectively serves as an interface between the DSOs and the Transmission System Operators (TSO), for flexibility exchanges and planning of ancillary services provision. The determination of the FOR is established in current research, using different algorithms e.g stochastic methods, meta-heuristic programming and mathematical optimization techniques. In this paper, an FOR determination algorithm using successive linear programming (sLP) is proposed and validated against established optimization approaches on a uniform medium voltage (MV) grid model. Comparisons reveal competitiveness with established methods and an added advantage of fast calculation times, suitable for real time assessments. Further enhancement of the FOR is proposed, by integrating discrete transformer tap-changing operational flexibilities using a successive mixed integer linear programming (sMILP). Results demonstrate an increase in the flexibility potential from the distribution grid.

A Comprehensive Review on Power System Flexibility: Concept, Services, and Products

“…• grants an acceptable level of AS at different time scales [23]. • operate under an elegant market, in which the flexibility is not compromised by market ineptitudes.…”

Flexibility Aggregation Perimeter for Ancillary Services in Radial Distribution Systems

“…The aggregation of DERs is the underlying concept of the virtual power plant [10]- [14] and of the modeling of DER flexibility at the boundary between the transmission system operator and DSO [15]- [17]. Aggregation of flexibility by DERs in distribution systems is generally considered to allow their characterization, management, and control [18]- [23]; little attention is paid to the size of the aggregation from both the DSO and market perspectives.…”