“…In general we work exclusively with one dimensional sand automata (ie 1 those whose corresponding cellular automata act on two dimensional configuration space), whose local rules have radius 1. We frequently work with one fixed sand automaton, Γ : A Z → A Z , whose local rule is built using the rule γ : Z 3 5 → Z 5 defined by γ(x −1 x 0 x 1 ) = x −1 + x 1 , which is the local rule for the famous XOR cellular automaton (albeit on a different alphabet), and whose dynamical properties have been studied extensively, for example in [MM98], [CFMM97] and [IÔN83].…”