Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe

Nokandeh, Jebrael; Sauer, Eberhard; Rekavandi, Hamid Omrani; Wilkinson, T. J.; Abbasi, G A; Schwenninger, Jean‐Luc; Mahmoudi, M.; Parker, D.H.; Fattahi, Morteza; Usher-Wilson, Lucian Stephen.; Ershadi, M; Ratcliffe, J; Gale, Rowena

doi:10.1080/05786967.2006.11834684

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Archaeological investigations have been undertaken on the Gorgan Plain since the late 1800s, and as such, a vast number of archaeological sites and landscape features have been recorded representing settlements from the prehistoric through to the more recent times (Abbasi, 2011; Arne, 1945; De Morgan, 1902; Kiani, 1982; Nokandeh et al, 2006; Omrani Rekavandi et al, 2007, 2008; Schmidt, 1940; Shiomi, 1976, 1978; Wilkinson et al, 2013) (Figure 1b). Our understanding of long-term settlement development and land use in the plain, however, is limited by the lack of an absolutely dated stratified ceramic assemblage from any one site, as well as incomplete publication, or accessibility of the material (see Thornton (2013) for a discussion of this problem for the prehistoric periods).…”

Section: Archaeological Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

et al. 2016

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Section: Archaeological Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

et al. 2016

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“…the Tammisheh Wall, and a Safavid harbour, i.e. the Ashraf harbour (Nokandeh et al, 2006;Naderi et al, 2013b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Human responses to environmental change on the southern coastal plain of the Caspian Sea during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods

Leroy

Amini

Gregg

et al. 2019

Quaternary Science Reviews

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This paper presents results of a multidisciplinary research initiative examining human responses to environmental change at the intersection of the southern coastal plain of the Caspian Sea and the foothills of the Alborz Mountains during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene. Our palaeoenvironmental analysis of two sedimentary cores obtained from a lagoon in close proximity to four caves, occupied by human groups during the transition from hunting and gathering to food-producing ways of life in this region, confirms Charles McBurney's 1968 hypothesis that when Caspian Sea levels were high, Mesolithic hunters were reliant on seal and deer, but as water levels receded and a wide coastal plain emerged, hunters consumed a different range of herbivorous mammalian species. Palynological evidence obtained from these two cores also demonstrates that the cool and dry climatic conditions often associated with the Younger Dryas stadial do not appear to have been extreme in this region. Thus, increasingly sedentary hunting and gathering groups could have drawn 19/07/2019 2 on plant and animal resources from multiple ecological niches without suffering significant resource stress or reduced population levels that may have been encountered in neighbouring regions. Our analyses of botanical, faunal and archaeological remains from a recently-discovered open-air Mesolithic and aceramic Neolithic site also shows an early process of Neolithization in the southern Caspian basin, which was a very gradual, lowcost adaptation to new ways of life, with neither the abandonment of hunting and gathering, nor a climatic trigger event for the emergence of a low-level, food-producing society.

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“…246-247), and was repeatedly rebuilt by successor dynasties over the subsequent 1800 years (albeit on different footprints). The Great Wall of Gorgan was the Persian equivalent, reaching just under 195 km in length and constructed on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea by the Sasanian Dynasty, likely sometime around the early Sixth Century AD (Nokandeh et al 2006). At least for the Persian and Chinese cases, we know that the threat posed by confederations of steppe nomads was one fundamental rationale for these massive constructions.…”

Section: Bounding Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an Archaeological Theory of Infrastructure

Wilkinson

2018

J Archaeol Method Theory

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Infrastructure makes up a considerable portion of the material culture that archaeologists study. Whether measured in terms of spatial extension or just sheer mass, infrastructural entities are often among the biggest artifacts that archaeologists encounter in the field. Yet there is no overarching theoretical framework for the archaeological study of infrastructure, and its different varieties tend to be treated in a rather piecemeal fashion. This article therefore seeks to lay some foundations for a more theoretically unified approach to infrastructure within the discipline. It offers a general definition or infrastructure, as well as a basic typology. The typology presented is fourfold, encompassing (1) static infrastructure (e.g., terraces, harbors and storehouses), (2) circulatory infrastructure (e.g., highways, canals, aqueducts, and sewers), (3) bounding infrastructure (e.g., palisades, ditches, and corrals), and (4) signaling infrastructure (e.g., lighthouses and beacons). By analogy with more heavily theorized categories such as urbanism, it is suggested that infrastructure should be a topic of global comparative analysis within archaeology and its allied disciplines.

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Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Landscape evolution and agro-sylvo-pastoral activities on the Gorgan Plain (NE Iran) in the last 6000 years

Human responses to environmental change on the southern coastal plain of the Caspian Sea during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods

Towards an Archaeological Theory of Infrastructure

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