Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Graphene at Millimeter-Wave for Multiplier and Mixer Applications

Samir, Amr; El‐Sherif, Hesham; Kishk, Sherif; Abd-Elrazzak, Maher M.; Basha, Mohammad Abd Alkhalik

doi:10.2528/pierc17072403

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Tong et al [7] described the construction of a graphene-based millimeter wave mixer with low conversion loss and very broad bandwidth, exceeding 50 GHz, which is unprecedented for graphene microwave mixers. High-performance graphene mixers for millimeter wave applications have also been demonstrated by Samir et al [6] and Chen et al [8]. Such non-linear graphene devices may play a decisive role in the development of high speed data links as well as in many other possible applications (see, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Recently, several experimental groups have reported a significant performance improvement of graphene-based mixers exploiting the non-linear response of graphene in the millimeter and the submillimeter wave band [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In particular, Fernando Las Heras and coworkers succeeded in designing and producing graphene-based subharmonic mixers operating with high conversion efficiency within the millimeterwave band [4,5,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To gain an insight into the underlying physics and the device application potential of the difference-frequency generation (DFG) in graphene, it is worthwhile to complement the experimental findings [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9] with appropriate theoretical simulations. We address this issue in the present paper, relying on the Boltzmann equation techniques and drawing attention to the possibility of new features of the DFG phenomenon in the millimeter wave band, which have not been discussed before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We address this issue in the present paper, relying on the Boltzmann equation techniques and drawing attention to the possibility of new features of the DFG phenomenon in the millimeter wave band, which have not been discussed before. To illustrate this possibility, we consider, unlike the work cited above [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9], a graphene monolayer rather than few-layer graphene films and examine how its doping level, which can be changed flexibly via electrostatic gating, affects the DFG efficiency. Since monolayer graphene is a centrosymmetric material, the symmetry certainly has to be broken so that the DFG effect may arise due to the electricdipole-allowed process of three-wave mixing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Millimeter wave difference-frequency mixing by mobile carriers in gated monolayer graphene with broken centrosymmetry

Margulis¹,

Muryumin²

2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Motivated by the device application potential of microwave difference-frequency generation (DFG) in graphene, we develop a theory of this second-order non-linear phenomenon in individual graphene layers lacking center-of-inversion symmetry due to their interaction with a substrate such as SiC or h-BN. Using the Boltzmann equation techniques, we calculate the microwave DFG conductivity of the graphene layer where the number of free carriers is controlled by an external gate voltage. The results obtained shed light on how the doping level of graphene, as well as a substrate-induced bandgap in the graphene's electronic spectrum, affects the efficiency of the graphene-based frequency downconversion from the millimeter wave band to the microwave one. In particular, it is shown that there are some possibilities to maximize the output power of the microwave DFG by selecting graphene/substrate pairs with smaller substrate-induced bandgap values and by tuning, in the proper way, the Fermi energy of charge carriers via electrostatic gating. The gate controllable DFG enhancement can be achieved in gapped and doped graphene samples at the electron concentration level of the order of 10 11 − 10 12 cm −2 , thus paving the way to electrically tunable frequency downconvertors for millimeter wave applications in high data rate communication systems and signal processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Millimeter wave difference-frequency mixing by mobile carriers in gated monolayer graphene with broken centrosymmetry

Margulis¹,

Muryumin²

2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…Material characterization has been a topic of interest in academia and research for a long time due to the need for an accurate and reliable information regarding material parameters and characteristics. Measuring the dielectric parameters of samples and materials is a very important process in various applications such as circuit board laminates, absorber materials characterization for microwave design, food quality control, production lines, and noninvasive health sensing applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Several techniques have been developed for extracting these dielectric parameters with the majority of them relying on the transmission and reflection coefficients of the material [3,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Material Characterization with Complex Baseband FMCW Radar Sensors

Hegazy¹,

Alizadeh²,

Samir³

et al. 2023

PIER

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This paper presents the theoretical basis and experimental validation for a technique to remotely characterize materials using FMCW radar sensors with complex baseband architecture. Our theoretical work proves that the magnitude and phase of the input reflection coefficient of a material can be accurately extracted from the baseband data of a complex-baseband FMCW radar. This complex reflection coefficient can be used to calculate the dielectric constant, loss tangent, thickness, and layer setup of a material with high accuracy due to the extra information obtained from the phase of the reflection coefficient. The analysis starts with a theoretical model for the complex reflection coefficient of a flat material slab suspended in air. We then introduce a formulation for the complex reflection coefficient existing in the complex baseband of an FMCW radar signal. We finally present the experimental testing preformed using TI mmWave radar on two different material samples and introduce the test results for extracting the material dielectric properties and thickness using three different extraction methods compared against nominal values from literature. The test results prove the high accuracy of our technique resulting from the utilization of both magnitude and phase information of the input refection coefficient, despite the relatively long free-space measurement distance and the multi-path reflections test environment.

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Microwave (2ω1 − ω2) frequency mixing by mobile carriers in electron-doped and gapped graphene

Margulis

Muryumin

2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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We theoretically study the generation of microwave radiation at frequency 2ω1−ω2, produced by two microwaves, of frequencies ω1 and ω2, normally incident on monolayer graphene grown epitaxially on a SiC substrate and doped by electrostatic gating. Two mechanisms responsible for this third-order nonlinear effect are considered: (i) the graphene’s conduction band nonparabolicity arising from the substrate-induced bandgap opening at the Dirac points of the graphene’s Brillouin zone and (ii) the energy dependence of the electron-momentum relaxation time. Both mechanisms are incorporated in our Boltzmann-equation-based treatment of the graphene’s third-order nonlinear response to the applied microwave radiation field. Within the framework of the approach, we evaluate the output power P2ω1−ω2 of the (2ω1−ω2) microwave radiation as a function of the graphene’s carrier density nS controlled by the applied gate voltage. Our formulation predicts an unexpected nonmonotonous behavior of this function: there is a pronounced minimum in the P2ω1−ω2(nS), which is followed by a maximum. This finding may serve to provide a rational explanation for this type of oscillation as observed by Dragoman et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 093101 (2010)] in the output power of the microwave harmonic generation in gated graphene, which are not properly construed so far.

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Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Graphene at Millimeter-Wave for Multiplier and Mixer Applications

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Millimeter wave difference-frequency mixing by mobile carriers in gated monolayer graphene with broken centrosymmetry

Millimeter wave difference-frequency mixing by mobile carriers in gated monolayer graphene with broken centrosymmetry

Remote Material Characterization with Complex Baseband FMCW Radar Sensors

Microwave (2ω1 − ω2) frequency mixing by mobile carriers in electron-doped and gapped graphene

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