A noncentrosymmetric aluminum borate crystal, Al 5 BO 9 , was obtained via high-temperature solution method. Considering the structure diversities of Al 5 BO 9 , the single crystal structure was cautiously redetermined before the investigation. The fundamental building blocks of the structure are BO 3 triangles, AlO 4 tetrahedra, and AlO 6 octahedra. Since Al 5 BO 9 only consists of strong covalent B-O and Al-O bonds, it is worth investigating the structure-optical property relationship thoroughly, especially the linear and nonlinear optical properties. To gain further insight into the origin of the nonlinear optical response of Al 5 BO 9 , the electronic structure calculations, second harmonic generation (SHG)-weighted electron density, and dipole moment of polyhedra were analyzed in detail. All evidences deduced from calculated results indicate that the SHG contribution from the Al-O polyhedra is more pronounced than that of the BO 3 group in Al 5 BO 9 , which is anticipated to open a window for the search and design of new inorganic materials.