Linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability in essential hypertensive patients

Analyzing Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: A Markov Chain Approach with Hypertensive Patients and Arachnophobic Individuals

“…The control group consisted of five volunteers with a blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg and no reported diseases and within the same age range as the hypertensive group. The anthropometric indexes and blood pressure of this group were reported with an average BMI of 26.18 ± 2.99, an average SBP of 107.37 ± 10.33, and an average DBP of 72.87 ± 5.35 [15].…”

“…This may be attributed to the effects of medications used to treat hypertension, which can impact heart rate and RR interval variability. A further exploration of these findings may provide valuable insights into the interplay between hypertension and cardiac rhythm disturbances as non-chaotic behavior [15].…”

“…Two different studies were analyzed: One involves hypertensive and normotensive individuals, a work developed by Rojas-Vite et al, 2022 [15]. The other study involving participants regarded as spider-fearful individuals, herein referred to as the Arachnophobic group, is the work of Ihmig et al, 2020 [16].…”

“…Additionally, their blood pressure had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 134.62 ± 11.3 and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 89.5 ± 7.81. Individuals with concurrent conditions like obesity, diabetes, and heart or respiratory diseases were excluded from the study [15].…”

Complex bio rhythms

“…Another interesting approach is given by Stenzinger and Tragtenberg [ 10 ] by using a three-dimensional map-based membrane potential model in lattices to represent the heart muscle. Rojas-Vite et al [ 11 ] perform the heart rate variability (HRV) of eight hypertension patients and eight normotensive persons using linear and nonlinear analyses. The authors show that the hypertensive group lost chaotic behavior, while the normotensive group had chaotic nature.…”