Linear Alternating Supramolecular Photosensitizer for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Supramolecular polymers with facile and versatile architectures via noncovalent connection present great potential in biological fields. Herein, a linear alternating supramolecular polymer is constructed via host–guest inclusion interaction between cyclodextrin dimer (CD2) and bifunctional adamantane-conjugated porphyrin (TPP-Ad2). The supramolecular alternating structure of CD/TPP could not only suppress the aggregation of PSs to improve the photophysical properties because of the steric hindrance but also enhance the water solubility of PSs induced from cyclodextrin moieties. The nanoplatform obtained by this linear alternating supramolecular polymer (TPP-Ad2/CD2) presents significantly enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy, providing a promising path for PDT.

Polyprodrug Nanomedicines: An Emerging Paradigm for Cancer Therapy

“…Second, a number of biological barriers including limited endothelial permeability and intratumoral diffusion of the therapeutic nanoparticles may result in poor tumor penetration of polyprodrug nanomedicines. [ 16–172 ] Third, the difficulty in tuning the size, shape, surface properties, ...…”

“…[ 56,57 ] Compared with polyprodrug nanomedicines, SPNMs possess inherent biodegradability and stimuli‐responsiveness owing to the noncovalent connections between supramolecular monomers, making them ideal drug carriers with minimized adverse reactions and immunotoxicity that are frequently found in conventional polymeric nanomedicines. [ 58–61 ] For instance, an AB‐type supramolecular monomer (CD‐SS‐CPT) was synthesized by linking the β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) host and CPT guest via a disulfide bond ( Figure ). [ 62 ] The resultant CD‐SS‐CPT underwent rapid supramolecular polymerization in water and formed well‐defined supramolecular nanoparticles in the presence of CPT‐PEG as stabilizers.…”

Size Optimization of Organic Nanoparticles with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Improved ROS Generation and Photodynamic Cancer Cell Ablation

“…Such π-π stacking results in aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect and leads to largely reduced fluorescence and ROS generation, which greatly compromises their imaging sensitivity and PDT performance. [14][15][16][17] Great efforts have been made to fight against ACQ effects, such as reducing PS loading percentage, introducing intraparticle spacers, decorating PS at nanoparticle surface, etc., [18][19][20] but with limited success as it has to fight against naturally happened aggregation processes.…”

Keratin-Based Nanoparticles with Tumor-Targeting and Cascade Catalytic Capabilities for the Combinational Oxidation Phototherapy of Breast Cancer

“…Photodynamic therapy (PDT), − a minimally invasive cancer treatment strategy with low systemic toxicity, employs a photosensitizer with low-intensity light of a specific wavelength to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), − which can interact with cells, causing them to undergo apoptosis and tissue destruction through a sequence of chemical and biological processes . However, glutathione (GSH), a strong antioxidant that protects cells from ROS damage, is present in 10–100-fold higher amounts in cancer cells than in cells of normal tissues .…”