Linear accelerator for security, industrial and medical applications with rapid beam parameter variation

Kutsaev, Sergey; Agustsson, R.; Arodzero, A.; Berry, Robert W.; Boucher, S.; Diego, A.; Gavryushkin, D.; Hartzell, Josiah; Lanza, R.; Smirnov, Alexander Yu.; Verma, Avinash; Ziskin, V.

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109398

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Investigations have shown the FLASH effect with x-rays in the kilovolt range [ 6 – 9 ] and efforts to achieve the FLASH effect with megavoltage x-rays [ 6 , 10 ]. Regardless, an attractive and readily available option to deliver a FLASH beam is cyclotron-based protons, specifically pencil beam scanning (PBS), because PBS can be better controlled in terms of position and intensity [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 250 MeV Protons from the Varian ProBeam PBS System for FLASH Radiation Therapy

Zhou

Chang

Zhu

et al. 2023

International Journal of Particle Therapy

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Shoot-through proton FLASH radiation therapy has been proposed where the highest energy is extracted from a cyclotron to maximize the dose rate (DR). Although our proton pencil beam scanning system can deliver 250 MeV (the highest energy), this energy is not used clinically, and as such, 250 MeV has yet to be characterized during clinical commissioning. We aim to characterize the 250-MeV proton beam from the Varian ProBeam system for FLASH and assess the usability of the clinical monitoring ionization chamber (MIC) for FLASH use. We measured the following data for beam commissioning: integral depth dose curve, spot sigma, and absolute dose. To evaluate the MIC, we measured output as a function of beam current. To characterize a 250 MeV FLASH beam, we measured (1) the central axis DR as a function of current and spot spacing and arrangement, (2) for a fixed spot spacing, the maximum field size that achieves FLASH DR (ie, > 40 Gy/s), and (3) DR reproducibility. All FLASH DR measurements were performed using an ion chamber for the absolute dose, and irradiation times were obtained from log files. We verified dose measurements using EBT-XD films and irradiation times using a fast, pixelated spectral detector. R90 and R80 from integral depth dose were 37.58 and 37.69 cm, and spot sigma at the isocenter were σx = 3.336 and σy = 3.332 mm, respectively. The absolute dose output was measured as 0.343 Gy*mm2/MU for the commissioning conditions. Output was stable for beam currents up to 15 nA and gradually increased to 12-fold for 115 nA. Dose and DR depended on beam current, spot spacing, and arrangement and could be reproduced with 6.4% and 4.2% variations, respectively. Although FLASH was achieved and the largest field size that delivers FLASH DR was determined as 35 × 35 mm2, the current MIC has DR dependence, and users should measure dose and DR independently each time for their FLASH applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 250 MeV Protons from the Varian ProBeam PBS System for FLASH Radiation Therapy

Zhou

Chang

Zhu

et al. 2023

International Journal of Particle Therapy

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“…A typical medical linac has a beam power on the order of 1 kW. In comparison, industrial accelerators for sterilizing food and medical products can achieve beam powers of several hundred kW [ 134 ].…”

Section: High-current Electron Linear Accelerator For X-ray Flash-rt ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformative Technology for FLASH Radiation Therapy

et al. 2023

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The general concept of radiation therapy used in conventional cancer treatment is to increase the therapeutic index by creating a physical dose differential between tumors and normal tissues through precision dose targeting, image guidance, and radiation beams that deliver a radiation dose with high conformality, e.g., protons and ions. However, the treatment and cure are still limited by normal tissue radiation toxicity, with the corresponding side effects. A fundamentally different paradigm for increasing the therapeutic index of radiation therapy has emerged recently, supported by preclinical research, and based on the FLASH radiation effect. FLASH radiation therapy (FLASH-RT) is an ultra-high-dose-rate delivery of a therapeutic radiation dose within a fraction of a second. Experimental studies have shown that normal tissues seem to be universally spared at these high dose rates, whereas tumors are not. While dose delivery conditions to achieve a FLASH effect are not yet fully characterized, it is currently estimated that doses delivered in less than 200 ms produce normal-tissue-sparing effects, yet effectively kill tumor cells. Despite a great opportunity, there are many technical challenges for the accelerator community to create the required dose rates with novel compact accelerators to ensure the safe delivery of FLASH radiation beams.

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“…Being initially designed for adaptive cargo inspection, this system has a great perspective on FLASH RT. 77 Table 2 lists the summary of publications that successfully delivered FLASH irradiation with X‐rays.…”

Section: Delivery Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RadiaBeam Technologies (California, USA) has presented an S‐band accelerator that can deliver high‐energy X‐ray, named flexible LINAC for electrons and X‐rays (FLEX). Being initially designed for adaptive cargo inspection, this system has a great perspective on FLASH RT 77 . Table 2 lists the summary of publications that successfully delivered FLASH irradiation with X‐rays.…”

Section: Delivery Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A potential revolution in cancer treatment: A topical review of FLASH radiotherapy

Gao

Liu

Chang

et al. 2022

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is a novel technique in which the ultrahigh dose rate (UHDR) (≥40 Gy/s) is delivered to the entire treatment volume. Recent outcomes of in vivo studies show that the UHDR RT has the potential to spare normal tissue without sacrificing tumor control. There is a growing interest in the application of FLASH RT, and the ultrahigh dose irradiation delivery has been achieved by a few experimental and modified linear accelerators. The underlying mechanism of FLASH effect is yet to be fully understood, but the oxygen depletion in normal tissue providing extra protection during FLASH irradiation is a hypothesis that attracts most attention currently. Monte Carlo simulation is playing an important role in FLASH, enabling the understanding of its dosimetry calculations and hardware design. More advanced Monte Carlo simulation tools are under development to fulfill the challenge of reproducing the radiolysis and radiobiology processes in FLASH irradiation. FLASH RT may become one of standard treatment modalities for tumor treatment in the future. This paper presents the history and status of FLASH RT studies with a focus on FLASH irradiation delivery modalities, underlying mechanism of FLASH effect, in vivo and vitro experiments, and simulation studies. Existing challenges and prospects of this novel technique are discussed in this manuscript.

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Linear accelerator for security, industrial and medical applications with rapid beam parameter variation

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Characterization of 250 MeV Protons from the Varian ProBeam PBS System for FLASH Radiation Therapy

Characterization of 250 MeV Protons from the Varian ProBeam PBS System for FLASH Radiation Therapy

Transformative Technology for FLASH Radiation Therapy

A potential revolution in cancer treatment: A topical review of FLASH radiotherapy

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