Linarin enhances melanogenesis in B16F10 cells via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways

Abstract

In this study, we discovered for the first time that linarin, a flavonoid compound, enhances melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 cells, and subsequently elucidated the underlying mechanism of linarin-induced melanogenesis. Linarin showed no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 42 μM and significantly increased intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16F10 cells. Mechanistic analysis showed that linarin increased the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that are related to melanogenesis. Moreover, linarin decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT). Finally, we evaluated the effect of the structure-activity relationship of linarin and its aglycone on melanogenesis. The results indicated that linarin enhances the expression of melanogenic proteins by activating MITF expression via the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B signaling pathways in B16F10 cells, thereby enhancing melanogenesis.

The Most Potent Natural Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Food Ingredients Isolated from Plants with Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Studies revealed that it can be a promising and cheap source of flavonoids. , Flavonoids have great potential as anticancer and anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals, as well as antiaging agents in cosmetics. Examples of these compounds, extracted from plants with DESs, are presented in Table . ,− …”