“…Overall, multiple hazards challenge the limits of both approaches. When hazards combine, and their effects cross into social and economic sectors, for instance, disciplinary methodologies cannot account for diffuse system boundaries 19 , interactions between primary and secondary impacts 20,21 , and conflicting response priorities 6 . Similarly, the integration between societal sectors (e.g., food, water, health, finance and other infrastructures) and the reliance on global systems of finance and supply chains mean a much faster impact diffusion across sectors and scales 5,6 .…”