Limits of flammability of gases and vapors. [Tables and graphs for organic and inorganic materials and mixtures; bibliography; indexes]

Coward, Hubert Frank; Jones, G.W.

doi:10.2172/7355338

Cited by 55 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…They found the upper and lower explosion limits to be 49.8% and 3.9%, respectively. When CO 2 or N 2 was added to the mixture, the measured explosion limits were higher than those found in an earlier work by Coward and Jones [12].…”

Section: Gas Explosions In Hydrogen Sulfidecontrasting

confidence: 65%

Experimental Study of Gas Explosions in Hydrogen Sulfide-Natural Gas-Air Mixtures

Gaathaug

Bjerketvedt

Vågsæther

et al. 2014

Journal of Combustion

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An experimental study of turbulent combustion of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and natural gas was performed to provide reference data for verification of CFD codes and direct comparison. Hydrogen sulfide is present in most crude oil sources, and the explosion behaviour of pure H 2 S and mixtures with natural gas is important to address. The explosion behaviour was studied in a four-meterlong square pipe. The first two meters of the pipe had obstacles while the rest was smooth. Pressure transducers were used to measure the combustion in the pipe. The pure H 2 S gave slightly lower explosion pressure than pure natural gas for lean-to-stoichiometric mixtures. The rich H 2 S gave higher pressure than natural gas. Mixtures of H 2 S and natural gas were also studied and pressure spikes were observed when 5% and 10% H 2 S were added to natural gas and also when 5% and 10% natural gas were added to H 2 S. The addition of 5% H 2 S to natural gas resulted in higher pressure than pure H 2 S and pure natural gas. The 5% mixture gave much faster combustion than pure natural gas under fuel rich conditions.

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Section: Gas Explosions In Hydrogen Sulfidecontrasting

confidence: 65%

Experimental Study of Gas Explosions in Hydrogen Sulfide-Natural Gas-Air Mixtures

Gaathaug

Bjerketvedt

Vågsæther

et al. 2014

Journal of Combustion

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“…Somewhat contrarily, for flammable liquids having flash points below room temperature, the LFL typically would be measured at temperatures well above the flash point. The reported LFL concentrations are typically for upward propagation of flame in cylindrical or spherical apparatus. Historical LFL data [2] clearly show that upward propagation of flame requires a lower (“conservative”) concentration of flammable vapor, as compared to downward propagation. The flash point determinations are determined in an apparatus where downward propagation to liquid in a cup produces a “flash.” Thus, the concentration of flammable gas or vapor that corresponds to the flash point is greater than the LFL concentration.…”

Section: Lower Flammable Limit Versus Flash Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between flash point and LFL with application to hybrid mixtures

Prugh¹

2007

Process Safety Progress

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There usually is a significant difference between the flash point and the equilibrium liquid/vapor (“saturation”) temperature that corresponds to the lower flammable limit (LFL). This occurs because (1) the LFL is frequently not measured at the flash point temperature and (2) the LFL concentrations are typically for upward propagation of flame, whereas the flash point is obtained for downward propagation of flame, and upward propagation occurs at lower (“conservative”) concentrations. In this paper, guidance is given for “correcting” this difference. Since many “hybrid” mixtures of flammable vapors and combustible dusts occur at elevated temperatures (as in driers), it may be important that the effect of temperature on the LFL be taken into account. For several hybrid mixtures, there is a linear relationship between the dust concentration and the vapor concentration that is required to make the mixture explosible. This relationship is more readily visualized if vapor concentrations are expressed in terms of grams per cubic meter (g/m3) like dust concentrations. A linear relationship is observed when the deflagration indices (Kst and Kg) are about equal, with strong deviations if the indices differ significantly. Testing is advisable to establish the relationship with confidence. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008

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“…However, the mixers considered for the flammability computation are assumed to operate according to uniform pressure and temperature (0.1 MPa and 293 K). Therefore, reliable standard values determined by Coward and Jones [11] were used. The expression of the probability, h, can be defined as…”

Section: Ignition Hazard In Low-pressure and -Temperature Operating Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of ignition hazard in turbulent flammable gas mixers combining a Lagrangian approach and large eddy simulation

Gourara

Rogér

Wang

2006

Combustion and Flame

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Limits of flammability of gases and vapors. [Tables and graphs for organic and inorganic materials and mixtures; bibliography; indexes]

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental Study of Gas Explosions in Hydrogen Sulfide-Natural Gas-Air Mixtures

Experimental Study of Gas Explosions in Hydrogen Sulfide-Natural Gas-Air Mixtures

The relationship between flash point and LFL with application to hybrid mixtures

Assessment of ignition hazard in turbulent flammable gas mixers combining a Lagrangian approach and large eddy simulation

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