Discuss the absolute and relative contraindications for minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS). Explain the role of transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) and why it is essential in MIMVS surgery. Summarise the main disadvantages of a ministernotomy compared with conventional full sternotomy for aortic valve surgery. Significant advances in cardiac surgery followed the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which was first established in the early 1950s. Over time, refinements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques combined with improved technology and the use of intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has enabled less invasive approaches using smaller surgical incisions. Several different approaches can be grouped under the umbrella term 'Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery' (MICS), with Cosgrove and colleagues describing the first minimally invasive valve procedures in 1996. 1 Despite being pioneered more than 20 yr ago, the complex nature of MICS has resulted in only a handful of centres in the UK regularly performing these procedures. Today, MICS encompasses minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB), robotic-assisted cardiac surgery, atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation surgery, and minimally invasive approaches to the mitral valve, left and right atria, and aortic valve. Advantages of MICS over a conventional midline sternotomy include reduced postoperative pain, early mobilisation, reduced blood loss, and a shorter hospital stay. 2,3 However, there are a number of potential drawbacks. MICS has been associated with additional complications to those after sternotomy, not all patient groups are suitable, and the surgical skills required to master video-assisted mitral valve repair procedures may involve a substantial learning curve to achieve expertise. MIDCAB surgery MIDCAB surgery describes a minimally invasive approach to coronary artery bypass grafting. This is usually performed using an 'off-pump' technique, avoiding the use of CPB and cardioplegia solution. Access is via a left anterior minithoracotomy plus additional ports, leading to faster recovery times and a shorter intensive care stay. 4,7 However, it is only suitable for one or two vessel coronary grafting, and careful patient selection is essential.