“…Since a photograph of an object is a diminished stimulus, in comparison with the real object (Delius, Emmerton, Hörster, Jäger, & Ostheim, 2000), and the colors depicted in the photographs do not reproduce ultraviolet light (Cuthill & Bennett, 1993;Patterson-Kane, Nicol, Foster, & Temple, 1997), this suggests that some pigeons are likely to have the ability to discriminate between male and female pigeons in the field without motion, auditory, olfactory, tactile, or ultraviolet cues. Previous observational and experimental results have suggested that male pigeons do not use stationary visual cues to discriminate between male and female pigeons but rely on behavioral and interaction cues to ascertain the sex of a conspecific (Burley, 1981;Iwata, 1924Iwata, , 1926Levi, 1963;Whitman, 1919).…”