Limited oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758) exposed to a sublethal tertiary (Cu, Cd and Zn) metal mixture

Investigating the effects of a sub-lethal metal mixture of Cu, Zn and Cd on bioaccumulation and ionoregulation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

“…As previously mentioned we hypothesized that we expected bioaccumulation and induction of 318 protective mechanisms such as MT. A parallel study showed that antioxidant mechanisms 319 were activated under these exposure conditions in common carp, thus avoiding oxidative stress (Pillet et al 2019). Therefore, it seems that defensive mechanisms in common carp 321 were able to respond adequately to protect the fish from damage.…”

A comparative study on the effects of three different metals (Cu, Zn and Cd) at similar toxicity levels in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

“…ROS are produced naturally during metabolism, but due to antioxidant enzymes and vitamin D they are normally prevented from causing toxic effects (Hansen, Rømma, Garmo, Olsvik, & Andersen, 2006). Although metal ions can increase the ROS production (Rajeshkumar, Liu, Ma, Duan, & Li, 2017), defensive mechanism such as SOD, CAT, GST and GR are involved in ROS removal (Hansen, Rømma, Garmo, Olsvik, & Andersen, 2006; Pillet et al, 2019). In the present study we investigated changes in the gene expression of SOD, CAT, GST and GR in the gills as well as in the liver.…”

“…In previous studies either an increase or a decrease of CAT activity was observed according to metal concentrations and tissues studied (Díaz‐de‐Alba et al, 2017; Jia, Zhang, & Liu, 2011; Pan et al, 2018). Regarding GST, an enzyme which conjugates GSH with electrophilic and other xenobiotics, a decline was recorded in different organisms exposed to various metal ions, such as Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) (Atli & Canli, 2010), the freshwater snail Lymnea luteola L. (Ali & Ali, 2015) and in common carp exposed to different concentrations of Cu (Dautremepuits, Paris‐Palacios, Betoulle, & Vernet, 2004; Pillet et al, 2019). For GR, an enzyme involved in the restoration of GSH, an upregulation of the gene was recorded in several fish exposed to Cu such as sea bream (Minghetti, Leaver, Carpene, & George, 2008).…”

“…When metal intake is not balanced with excretion, the accumulation of metal ions might result in toxic effects. These metal ions have the capacity to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce oxidative stress (Pillet et al, 2019; Wang, Fang, Leonard, & Rao, 2004; Zheng, Yuan, Wu, & Li, 2016). To cope with oxidative stress, fish have several defensive mechanisms.…”

“…The reduced glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, which serves as another line of defence against ROS, by acting as a free‐radical scavenger in several antioxidant reactions (Peña‐Llopis, Ferrando, & Peña, 2003; Pflugmacher, 2004). The levels of GSH are regulated by the presence of GR and GST (Dautremepuits, Marcogliese, Gendron, & Fournier, 2009; Pillet et al, 2019).…”