Limitations of recellularized biological scaffolds for human transplantation

Abstract

A shortage of donor organs for transplantation and the dependence of the recipients on immunosuppressive therapy have motivated researchers to consider alternative regenerative approaches. The answer may reside in acellular scaffolds generated from cadaveric human and animal tissues. Acellular scaffolds are expected to preserve the architectural and mechanical properties of the original organ, permitting cell attachment, growth, and differentiation. Although theoretically, the use of acellular scaffolds for transplantation should pose no threat to the recipient's immune system, experimental data have revealed significant immune responses to allogeneic and xenogeneic transplanted scaffolds. Herein, we review the various factors of the scaffold that could trigger an inflammatory and/or immune response, thereby compromising its use for human transplant therapy. In addition, we provide an overview of the major cell types that have been considered for recellularization of the scaffold and their potential contribution to triggering an immune response.

Tendon Tissue Repair in Prospective of Drug Delivery, Regenerative Medicines, and Innovative Bioscaffolds

“…Indeed, mass production of engineered tissues could offer products that can be delivered to medical centers on their demand; however, the cell source is not from patients but from healthy active individuals, thus highlighting several concerns in terms of safe clinical applications of these devices. Furthermore, up till now, no standard harvesting, seeding, and maintaining protocols are designed yet, and seeded cells behaved differently in vitro and in vivo [100,101]. In order to prevent the risks of contamination and disease transition, the standardization for the safety assessment of the cell seeded scaffold constructs is required, although difficult because human cells have never been a therapeutic object of sales.…”

Recellularization of Native Tissue Derived Acellular Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Myriad cell types such as primary cells [ 24 ], cell lines [ 25 ], embryonic stem cells [ 26 ], adult-derived stem cells [ 27 ], and progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [ 28 ] have been studied to repopulate scaffolds. However, none of them is considered an ideal cell source due to imperfections in each cell type and lack of long-term in vivo organ transplantation studies [ 29 ]. The optimization of the most appropriate cells is still challenging.…”

Experimental approaches to creating a tissue-specific matrix for a bioartificial liver

“…Децеллюляризация тканей представляет собой перспективный метод создания матриксов для регенеративной медицины благодаря удалению иммуногенных факторов (ДНК, галактоза-α-1,3-галактоза) и сохранению в значительной степени специфичной для органов и тканей морфологии и естественного внеклеточного матрикса (ВКМ), включающего необходимые сайты для адгезии, миграции и пролиферации клеток [3,4].…”

“…Отметим, что взаимодействие клеток с полученным тканеспецифическим матриксом изучено не было. 1,3 , M.Yu. Shagidulin 1,3 , V.I.…”

“…1,3 , M.Yu. Shagidulin 1,3 , V.I. Sevastyanov 1 Shortage of donor organs for liver transplantation in the treatment of end-stage liver disease dictates the need to develop alternative methods that include technologies on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.…”