Limitations of Ischemic Tolerance in Oxidative Skeletal Muscle: Perfusion vs Tissue Protection

Compartment syndrome–induced microvascular dysfunction: an experimental rodent model

“…12 This technique has previously been used in the study of ischemia reperfusion, ischemic preconditioning, sepsis and other disease states that may compromise blood flow. [12][13][14][15][16] The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically relevant small animal model of elevated intracompartmental pressure and to employ IVVM to study the microvascular and inflammatory response to CS.…”

“…12,[14][15][16]18 Injury analysis After fasciotomy, we added the fluorescent vital dyes ethidium bromide (EB, 5 µg/mL) and bisbenzimide (BB, 5 µg/mL) to the saline bath, as previously described. 16,19 The topical use of EB and BB does not alter microvascular perfusion and is a reliable technique for cellular labelling in live animals.…”

“…We studied the EDL muscle, as it is composed of a mixture of muscle fibre types, with up to 54% of the muscle being fast twitch, 17 similar to human anterior compartment musculature. The EDL preparation has been established in the study of microcirculation, [14][15][16][17][18][19] its advantages being that it is a deep muscle and sustains minimal mechanical manipulation in its preparation and therefore minimal reactive hyperemia and injury. Most of the muscle and intermittently perfused capillaries become visible within capillary beds and are ineffective at gas exchange (X), contributing to cellular injury (darkened cells).…”

Muscle Tissue Oxygen Tension and Oxidative Metabolism during Ischemia and Reperfusion

“…Ischemic tissue changes include intracellular acidosis, hypoxia, depletion of high-energy phosphorylated (HEP) compounds, particularly phosphocreatine (PCr), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cellular volume shifts, all of which adversely affect postsurgical tissue perfusion and oxygenation [10].…”

NOS upregulation attenuates vascular endothelial dysfunction in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in skeletal muscle

“…For example, Richard et al [23] and DeFily et al [9] reported respectively that the reduction in the endothelium dependent vasodilation does not take place if I/R is preceded by IPC. Studies of IPC have also demonstrated the protection in skeletal muscle against I/R injury by reducing the necrosis in the latissimus dorsi muscle [21], enhancing muscle function in the gracilis muscle [13], improving function and recovery of skeletal muscle fibers [15] as well as ameliorating microcirculatory perfusion in the skeletal muscle [3]. The current literature suggests that the molecular basis for IPC must consist of an ordered series of events.…”