Limitations of Ammonia as a Hydrogen Energy Carrier for the Transportation Sector

Chatterjee, Sudipta; Parsapur, Rajesh Kumar; Huang, Kuo‐Wei

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02189

Cited by 167 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…5,10 Due to its carbon-free and easy storage and transportation properties, some pathways have been developed in order to take advantage of ammonia fuel, such as internal combustion engine and catalytic thermal decomposition. 10,[13][14][15] Recently, direct utilization of ammonia in fuel cells to generate electricity with high efficiency has been proposed and extensively studied. 2,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) is an excellent alternative as an ammonia-fueled power source, especially for small-scale and domestic applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A symmetric direct ammonia fuel cell using ternary NiCuFe alloy embedded in a carbon network as electrodes

Zhang

Jeerh

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A symmetric direct ammonia fuel cell using ternary NiCuFe alloy embedded in a carbon network as electrodes

Zhang

Jeerh

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…There are already some pioneering works demonstrating the feasibility of this idea. [ 15,23a,b ] Ideally, a reformer is integrated with an H 2 ‐PEMFC, and the reformer selectively converts FA into CO 2 and H 2 on demand for H 2 ‐PEMFC without further treatment. This can avoid the waste of H 2 and energy associated with H 2 purification and allow the system to reach its best efficiency.…”

Section: Formic Acid To Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 14 ] On the other hand, while NH 3 has a great potential as a viable energy storage option and can serve as an e‐fuel for stationary electricity generation, the necessity of a substantial amount of energy for the cracking, purification, and compression processes has limited its possibility for on‐board applications. [ 15 ] In this regard, FA dehydrogenation is more straightforward, but it is often competed by the decarbonylation (dehydration) pathway to yield H 2 O and CO ( Figure 2 ). [ 16 ] While strong acids, metal oxides, and reduced metal species favor the dehydration pathway, and metal catalysts typically promote dehydrogenation reaction, [ 17 ] judicious designs of metal‐based catalysts can tune the selectivity completely towards dehydrogenation for selective H 2 production from FA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formic Acid to Power towards Low‐Carbon Economy

Dutta

Chatterjee

Cheng

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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The corresponding global annual carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions had also increased from 23.1 gigatonnes of CO 2 (Gt CO2 ) in 2000 to 33.2 Gt CO2 in 2018. The excessive reliance on fossil fuels has caused the atmospheric CO 2 concentration to increase from the pre-industrial 280 ppm in the 18th century to the annual average of more than 410 ppm nowadays, which is found to be positively correlated to climate change. [2] To alleviate the environmental issues and to find viable alternatives for depleting fossil fuel reserves, the development and largescale deployment of clean and sustainable energy systems is of utmost importance. The development of suitable energy carriers is necessary to enable energy storage and distribution and to overcome the deficiency due to the intermittency of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. The use of H 2 has a great potential to diversify energy sectors and to prepare for the future implementation of low-carbon electricity and renewable energy. H 2 fuel cell (FC) technology is considered mature and regarded as the only technology to realize mobility without change of habits. As stated in the 2019 report by International Energy Agency to G20, H 2 is expected "to play a key role in a clean, secure and affordable energy future." [3] However, due to the lack of viable technologies for safe, efficient, and economical storage and transportation of H 2 , the applications of hydrogen have significantly been limited. [4] The storage and utilization of low-carbon electricity and decarbonization of transportation are essential components for the future energy transition into a low-carbon economy. While hydrogen has been identified as a potential energy carrier, the lack of viable technologies for safe and efficient storage and transportation of H 2 greatly limits its applications and deployment at scale. Formic acid (FA) is considered one of the promising H 2 energy carriers because of its high volumetric H 2 storage capacity of 53 g H 2 /L, and relatively low toxicity and flammability for convenient and low-cost storage and transportation. FA can be employed to generate electricity either in direct FA fuel cells (FCs) or indirectly as an H 2 source for hydrogen FCs. FA can enable large-scale chemical H 2 storage to eliminate energy-intensive and expensive processes for H 2 liquefaction and compression and thus to achieve higher efficiency and broader utilization. This perspective summarizes recent advances in catalyst development for selective dehydrogenation of FA and high-pressure H 2 production. The advantages and limitations of FA-to-power options are highlighted. Existing life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis studies are reviewed to discuss the feasibility and future potential of FA as a fuel.

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“…[10][11][12] Thermal ammonia (NH 3 ) decomposition reaction (ADR) (i.e., ammonia cracking) for hydrogen generation has taken a promising place in clean energy resources because of the high hydrogen content (17.8%) and facile liquefication of NH 3 at low pressure (8.6 bar) and temperature (20 1C). [13][14][15] Highly efficient and durable catalysts are crucial for the ADR at low temperatures with complete conversion of inlet-NH 3 gas. 16 Traditionally, ruthenium (Ru) is a well-known metal catalyst for catalyzing the ADR, but its commercial-scale applications are impeded because of its scarcity and high cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition on highly efficient and stable Ru-free catalysts: approaching complete conversion at 450 °C

Tabassum

Mukherjee

Chen

et al. 2022

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Limitations of Ammonia as a Hydrogen Energy Carrier for the Transportation Sector

Cited by 167 publications

References 38 publications

A symmetric direct ammonia fuel cell using ternary NiCuFe alloy embedded in a carbon network as electrodes

A symmetric direct ammonia fuel cell using ternary NiCuFe alloy embedded in a carbon network as electrodes

Formic Acid to Power towards Low‐Carbon Economy

Hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition on highly efficient and stable Ru-free catalysts: approaching complete conversion at 450 °C

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