Limit loads for the plastic bending in plane strain of cantilevers containing rectangular holes under end shear

Etching technique for revelation of plastic deformation zone in low carbon steel

“…To clarify the effect of plastic deformation on crack growth behaviour, the deformation zone in the vicinity of a crack tip has been studied using several techniques, including etching, [2][3][4] photoelastic stress analysis, 5 microhardness measurement, 6,7 and theoretical analysis. [8][9][10] Specifically, etching techniques proposed by Fry 2 and Morris 3 have been extensively utilised by many researchers [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] due to their accuracy and simplicity. These two techniques employ a similar mechanism: due to the segregation of impurity atoms at dislocation cores, 16 etch pit formation occurs where dislocations are located; the density of the pits on the surface is then taken as an indicator of the plastic deformation range.…”

“…16,21,22 Good examples of the Morris approach are given by revelation of individual slip bands in individual grains, even if, in this case, all the grains are etched to the same degree. 14,16,21,22 Although this and Fry's etching system have proven to be well suited to Fe-3%Si steel, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] there are no reports of their application for commonly used low carbon steels (Cy0 . 25%).…”