Limit-Based Fire Hazard Model for Evaluating Tunnel Life Safety

Gehandler, Jonatan; Eymann, L.; Regeffe, M.

doi:10.1007/s10694-014-0406-5

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The following can be observed: Based on Group A cone data, FED 4max gives the highest FED values, as shown in Figure 1. Some values of FED 2 and FED 3max in Group A are higher than FED 4avg based on cone data, as shown in Figure 2. Based on Group B data, some values of FED 3max are higher than FED 4max as shown in Figure 3. Those data were on armchair, 17 tunnel tests on wood and plastics, 22 and n ‐hexane tested in Reference 24 as highlighted in Table 2. Many values of FED 1 , FED 2 , FED 3max , and FED 3avg in Group B are higher than FED 4avg as shown in Figure 4. …”

Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature results 17‐27,39‐41 on toxic gases data are used to compute the FED values from the four equations. These include the cone calorimeter data on PMMA, 18 PE, 19 PU and PA6, 23 pine needles, 20 and fir wood 27 ; full‐scale burning tests data on armchair, 17 cardboard boxes with ABS and PSF 25 ; tunnel full‐scale tests data on plastic pallets and wood pallets, 21 wood, PE and PU 22 ; fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and others 39‐41 …”

Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many literature results are reported on toxic gases data 17‐27 measured by oxygen consumption method. Selected data of cone calorimeter on burning polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PU), polyamide 6 (PA6), pine needles, polyester PES, and fir wood; of full‐scale burning tests on armchair, polystyrene (PS) and PU, aircraft cabin, aerosol, wood, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), PS foam (PSF), and PES; and of tunnel full‐scale tests on plastic pallets, wood pallets, wood, PE, and n ‐hexane 17‐27 were used to calculate FED from different equations. An appropriate method is then proposed to review the available expressions of FED for assessing smoke toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Chow

Han

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary Toxicity of smoke generated in a fire is difficult to measure accurately. That is because gas sensors for measuring rapidly varying concentrations of toxic gases are not yet developed. Simple expressions are searched for quick measurement in assessing smoke toxicity practically. Four equations on calculating fractional effective dose (FED) related to toxic effluents were reported in the literature, each based on different assumptions. FED value was proposed to be calculated based on peak carbon monoxide concentration and peak carbon dioxide concentration, and transient carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations. The four values were compared in this article using literature data on toxic gases from different materials measured by (i) cone calorimeter; (ii) full‐scale burning tests; and (iii) tunnel full‐scale tests. Measured carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations by standard equipment of oxygen consumption calorimeters were used to calculate the four FED values. It is found that the values of FED based on peak carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations (denoted as FED2) are similar to the average values of FED calculated from the updated equation in the literature using the oxygen consumption calorimeters. Putting the values of FED2 in fire safety design guides is then recommended.

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Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measured Results Reported In Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Chow

Han

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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“…A significant spread in the simulated results was found, despite the fact that each team received the same information of the fire test set-up that was to be modelled. The basic tunnel fire dynamics theory presented by Ingason (2012) seems to perform well in comparison with more advanced models (Nilsen and Log 2009), and to offer sufficient precision for risk analysis (Gehandler et al 2014a). …”

Section: Tunnel Fire Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road tunnel fire safety and risk: a review

Gehandler

2015

Fire Sci Rev

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A review concerning road tunnel fire safety and risk is presented. In particular different perspectives and methods on safety and risk are discussed. Road tunnel fire safety usually involves high uncertainty and high-stakes decisions. Thus, a wider group of stakeholders and different types of knowledge should be included in the fire safety analysis and evaluation, than what is required by technical risk analyses. It is argued that the decision process should not be separated from the design and safety evaluation as they are strongly dependent and iterative processes. Decision theory can guide the design and decision process in negotiation with stakeholders. Key parameters for the decision can be analysed through a combination of functional requirements, societal and political values, safety engineering, safety factors and systems theory. By taking an organisational viewpoint, potential latent and active errors can be analysed and a good safety culture can be engineered. In order to improve the safety culture of truck companies, regulation ensuring proper maintenance, training and quality management may be necessary in a competitive global economy.

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“…In case of a tunnel fire, large amounts of heat and incomplete combustion products (e.g., carbon monoxide) are hard to exhaust and will accumulate under the ceiling, which threaten the occupants [1][2][3]. For example, the Funicular tunnel in Austria in 2000 resulting in the death of 155 persons [4]; the subway tunnel in Daegu Korea in 2003 caused 198 victims [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Critical Velocity of Smoke Bifurcation Flow in Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation

et al. 2016

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Small longitudinal velocity cannot prevent backlayering in tunnel fire, while excessive longitudinal velocity will destroy stratification of smoke layer and lead to bifurcation flow. As smoke bifurcation flow proceeds, the longitudinal flow is divided into two streams and flow along both sidewalls of the tunnel ceiling. The critical velocity of bifurcation flow is the minimum value at which bifurcation flow starts to occur. To investigate the critical velocity of bifurcation flow, experiments and CFD simulations were conducted. Experiment was carried out in a reduced-scale tunnel, which is 8 m long, 1 m wide and 0.5 m high. The numerical research was performed using FDS. In simulation, the computational region of a tunnel is 200 m long, 10 m wide. The heat release rate (1 MW to 6 MW) and the height (4 m to 8 m) is changed in the 30 simulation scenarios. Theoretical analysis showed that the dimensionless critical velocity of bifurcation flow only depends on the dimensionless heat release rates, and a mathematical equation is proposed. The reduced-scale experiments indicated that the critical velocity of bifurcation flow is 1.48 times that of critical velocity for preventing backlayering, and the coefficient is in agreement with CFD simulation. A Cross-sectional area of the tunnel (m 2 ) g Acceleration of gravity (m/s 2 ) U Ventilation velocity (m/s) _ Q Heat release rate (kW) u b Critical velocity of bifurcation flow (m/s) u c Critical velocity for preventing backlayering (m/s)

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Limit-Based Fire Hazard Model for Evaluating Tunnel Life Safety

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Road tunnel fire safety and risk: a review

A Study of the Critical Velocity of Smoke Bifurcation Flow in Tunnel with Longitudinal Ventilation

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