Lime and Phosphorus Effects on American Ginseng: II. Root and Leaf Ginsenoside Content and Their Relationship

Konsler, T. R.; Zito, Sébastien; Shelton, James E.; Staba, E. John

doi:10.21273/jashs.115.4.575

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Over 30 ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves, stems, flower buds and berries have the highest concentration in leaves [15]. Ginsenoside content varies depending on plant part and age [15], fertility level [16,17], harvest date [18] and light levels [19]. The effect of the established practise of manual inflorescence removal to increase root yield [13] on ginsenoside content has not been reported so was investigated in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

Proctor¹,

Sullivan²,

Rupasinghe³

et al. 2011

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Leaf characteristics of mature 2, 3 and 4-year-old North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) leaves on fruiting and non-fruiting (NF) plants were studied. Leaflets of the 2-year-old plants had the lowest fresh and dry weight, area, volume and internal gas volume. Inflorescence removal in 3-year-old plants did not affect leaf characteristics or ginsenoside concentration but in 4-yearold plants it increased leaf fresh (38.6%) and dry (43.9%) weight, leaf area (29.1%), specific leaf mass (11.4%), leaf volume (43.1%), and leaf thickness (12.1%), and decreased leaf water content (6.2%). Cultivated ginseng, although an understorey plant, had the specific leaf mass, 35.6 g m-2 (range, 36 to 39 g m-2) and a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 2.40 to 2.61, both suggesting the ability to perform like a sunny habitat plant. Also, specific leaf mass of 35.6 g m-2 is similar to that reported for perennial plants, 36.8 g m-2, rather than that for annuals, 30.9 g m-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

Proctor¹,

Sullivan²,

Rupasinghe³

et al. 2011

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…In addition to genetics, soil, climate, altitude, fertilization and disease (Konsler et al . ; Li and Mazza ; Dong et al . ; Jackson et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the bioactive compounds found in ginseng, ginsenosides are particularly interesting as they have demonstrated health-beneficial effects such as anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, anti-angiogenesis and antidiabetic effects (Konno et al 1984;Yun et al 2001;Sagar et al 2006;Wang et al 2007;Fishbein et al 2009). In addition to genetics, soil, climate, altitude, fertilization and disease (Konsler et al 1990;Li and Mazza 1999;Dong et al 2003;Jackson et al 2003;Lee et al 2004Lee et al , 2011aLim et al 2005;Chung et al 2012), the processing conditions affected the content of ginsenosides in ginseng (Ren and Chen 1999; for its growth, and then processed by steaming and/or airdrying. Taken all together, the contents of ginsenosides may be qualitatively and quantitatively different depending on cultivated regions and processing conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Steaming and Air-Drying on Ginsenoside Composition of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

Koh

Jang

Hwang

et al. 2014

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation

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This study aimed to compare the ginsenosides composition of ginseng depending on cultivated region and processing method. Fresh ginseng roots collected from four major regions of Korea were processed using either air‐drying or steaming, and subsequent air‐drying. Five ginsenosides including Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc and Rb2 were the major forms in fresh ginseng, whereas Rb1 and Rg1 were abundant in processed ginsengs. The contents of total ginsenoside decreased with thermal processing and also showed a regional difference between processed ginsengs, whereas fresh ginseng had a regional variation only in Rg1. Unlike another ginsenosides decreased by processing, Rb1 increased with thermal processing. Ginsengs with relatively much higher content of Rc in fresh ginseng had a significant loss by air‐drying and had about five times higher content of Rg3 than that of fresh ginseng. This indicates that Rc was transformed into Rg3 during air‐drying. Practical Applications Korean ginseng used as a traditional medicine because of various beneficial effects is thermally processed to improve its efficacy. Ginsenoside is an interesting bioactive compound found in ginseng. Processing methods, air‐drying or steaming, and subsequent air‐drying, changed ginsenosides qualitatively and quantitatively. These results suggest that processing conditions should be carefully employed to enhance or retain the pharmaceutical effects of ginseng products.

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“…Ginsenoside contents of the harvested roots were not significantly affected by N fertilizer application rates. Although some research has reported that ginsenoside production tends to vary with soil fertility (13), soil fertility was more often correlated with ginsenoside content of ginseng leaves than in ginseng roots (13,16). Li and Mazza, (16) reported little significant correlation between soil N content and ginsenoside contents of ginseng roots or shoots suggesting that N avail-ability has little affect on ginsenoside production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of North American Ginseng

Beyaert¹

2006

Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants

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Information on nitrogen (N) fertilization of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is needed to optimize dry matter accumulation, ginsenoside concentration, and root yields. Field experiments were initiated in 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of N fertilization on dry matter accumulation, N concentration and accumulation, final root yield, and ginsenoside concentration of American ginseng production in a Fox loamy sand (Psammentic Hapludalf). Ammonium sulfate was broadcast-applied at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 kg N/ha prior to seedling emergence in the spring of each of the four growing seasons. The eight N treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Ginseng plant dry weight showed a quadratic response to increasing N rate. As the rate of N fertilizer applied was increased, significant increases in tissue N concentration resulted. Approximately, 50 percent of the total N accumulated was allocated to the roots in the first year of growth while approximately 66 percent of the total N accumulated was allocated to the roots in the subsequent years of growth. Ginsenoside contents of the harvested roots were not significantly affected by N fertilizer application rates. Based on the quadratic model fitted to the data, maximum yields of four-year-old commercially harvested ginseng roots can be obtained in Ontario with R. P. Beyaert is Research Scientist affiliated with the Southern Crop Protection and

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Lime and Phosphorus Effects on American Ginseng: II. Root and Leaf Ginsenoside Content and Their Relationship

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

Morphological and Ginsenoside Differences among North American Ginseng Leaves

Effects of Steaming and Air-Drying on Ginsenoside Composition of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of North American Ginseng

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