Lilac-Crowned Parrot Diet and Food Resource Availability: Resource Tracking by a Parrot Seed Predator1

Renton, Katherine

doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0062:lcpdaf]2.0.co;2

Cited by 108 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Therefore, macaws often extensively foraged on few fruit types regardless of the number of fruiting species. This emphasizes the abundance and nutritional quality of large seeds exploited as a very important factor to attract macaws to the urban area, which is expected for opportunistic frugivores/granivores which search for erratic and massive fruiting patches (Sun and Moermond, 1997;Renton, 2001;Moegenburg and Levey, 2003;RagusaNetto, 2006RagusaNetto, , 2007b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, in the course of a season fruit production fluctuations have influence on frugivores abundance and feeding activity (van Schaik et al, 1993). Then, considering the potential intra-seasonal changes in fruit production (Renton, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2007b, 2008b, we divided the year in four distinct periods which were: the late wet season (January-March), the early dry season (April-June), the late dry season (July-September), and the early wet season (October-December; Ragusa-Netto, 2008a, 2010. To analyse the proportional use of native or exotic fruits, we compared the number of feeding records on each fruit type using Chi-square test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, as fruit patches are progressively becoming scattered arranged within a matrix of pastures and crop areas, Blue-and-Yellow Macaws might incur in severe foraging costs (Graham, 2001) while moving to impoverished feeding areas (Ragusa-Netto, 2006). However, as these parrots often experience food shortage due to the erratic seasonality of fruiting patterns (Bullock and Solís-Magallanes, 1990;Funch et al, 2002;RagusaNetto and Silva, 2007), they are able to move over large areas searching for suitable food sources (Renton, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2005. In fact, for nomadic frugivores the sites of a habitat mosaic could be important in distinct periods of the year (van Schaik et al, 1993;Renton, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2004, 2007a, 2008bMelo et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant food resources exploited by Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) at an urban area in Central Brazil

Ragusa-Netto

2014

Braz. J. Biol.

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In this study, we described the food plants available to Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna), its feeding habits and the relationship between these parameters with feeding niche breadth. We established four transects, each one 12 km long, to sample fruiting plants and the feeding habits of this macaw (monthly 40 h, of observations), at the urban areas of Três Lagoas (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). During all studied months, macaws foraged for palm fruits, mainly Syagrus oleracea and Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp, both available all year, as well as Caryocar brasiliense and Anacardium occidentale seeds, in the wet season. The year-round feeding activity of macaws suggests Três Lagoas city as an adequate feeding area. The permanent availability of plant food resources, potentially, resulted from the diverse fruiting patterns of exotic and, mainly, native plant species, which provided a variety of suitable fruit patches.Keywords: frugivory, Psittacidae, Ara ararauna, urban ecosystems, feeding ecology.Plantas alimentares exploradas pela Arara Canindé (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) em uma área urbana do Brasil Central ResumoNeste estudo, nós descrevemos as plantas alimentares disponíveis para Arara-Canindé (Ara ararauna), sua atividade alimentar, bem como a relação desses parâmetros com a amplitude do seu nicho alimentar. Para tanto, estabelecemos quatro trajetos, cada um com 12 km, dispersos na área urbana de Três Lagoas (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). A partir deles amostramos, mensalmente durante 40 h, as espécies vegetais que frutificavam e a atividade alimentar dessa ave. As araras exploraram frutos em todos os meses do ano e consumiram principalmente frutos comuns e nutritivos. Entre os itens mais explorados pelas araras estiveram as sementes de Anacardium occidentale e Caryocar brasiliense, cuja frutificação ocorreu durante a estação chuvosa, bem como a polpa dos frutos das palmeiras Syagrus oleracea e Acrocomia aculeata, que frutificaram o ano todo. A presença de araras forrageando todos os meses em Três Lagoas sugere a adequação dessa área urbana como local de alimentação. A disponibilidade de recursos alimentares ao longo do ano, potencialmente, decorreu da combinação da variedade dos padrões de frutificação em espécies vegetais exóticas e, sobretudo, nativas que proporcionaram oferta abundante e variada de recurso alimentar.Palavras-chave: frugivoria, Psittacidae, Ara ararauna, ecossistemas urbanos, ecologia alimentar.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant food resources exploited by Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) at an urban area in Central Brazil

Ragusa-Netto

2014

Braz. J. Biol.

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“…Such reductions may, however, be temporary as subsequent population increases, as a consequence of using superior resources, may increase intra-specific competition and force individuals to resume consumption of forsaken resources. Whilst increases in energy may generate shortterm niche breadth reductions (Feinsinger & Swarm, 1982;Lucherini & Crema, 1994 ;Evans & Jarman, 1999) data on long-term effects are lacking and there is evidence that niche breadths can increase with energy availability as more resource types become available (Renton, 2001). Niche breadths are thus perhaps unlikely to be permanently reduced in response to increased availability of favoured resources.…”

Section: ( C) Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

2005

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Correlations between the amount of energy received by an assemblage and the number of species that it contains are very general, and at the macro-scale such species-energy relationships typically follow a monotonically increasing curve. Whilst the ecological literature contains frequent reports of such relationships, debate on their causal mechanisms is limited and typically focuses on the role of energy availability in controlling the number of individuals in an assemblage. Assemblages from high-energy areas may contain more individuals enabling species to maintain larger, more viable populations, whose lower extinction risk elevates species richness. Other mechanisms have, however, also been suggested. Here we identify and clarify nine principal mechanisms that may generate positive species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. We critically assess their assumptions and applicability over a range of spatial scales, derive predictions for each and assess the evidence that supports or refutes them. Our synthesis demonstrates that all mechanisms share at least one of their predictions with an alternative mechanism. Some previous studies of species-energy relationships appear not to have recognised the extent of shared predictions, and this may detract from their contribution to the debate on causal mechanisms. The combination of predictions and assumptions made by each mechanism is, however, unique, suggesting that, in principle, conclusive tests are possible. Sufficient testing of all mechanisms has yet to be conducted, and no single mechanism currently has unequivocal support. Each may contribute to species-energy relationships in some circumstances, but some mechanisms are unlikely to act simultaneously. Moreover, a limited number appear particularly likely to contribute frequently to species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. The increased population size, niche position and diversification rate mechanisms are particularly noteworthy in this context.

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“…Food resources distribution may regulate population of bird species (Wright et al, 1999;Johnson and Sherry, 2001) and fruit abundance influences the species composition and foraging behaviour of fruit eating birds (Moegenburg and Levey, 2003). For example; fruit eating birds always concentrated where fruit occurs abundantly because their diet consists of more than 50% fruits (Kinnard et al, 1996;Sherman and Eason, 1998;Malizia, 2001;Renton, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Effects of Logging Activities on Avian Richness and Diversity in Different Aged Post-Harvested Hill Dipterocarp Tropical Rainforest of Malaysia

Rajpar¹,

Mohamed²

2014

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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Logging activities have encroached into the hill dipterocarp tropical rainforest area since the lowland dipterocarp forests have decreased in size. Hill dipterocarp tropical rainforest is rich in habitat diversity and provide a variety of resources for avian species such as food, habitat and shelter. Therefore it is important to examine the logging effects of hill dipterocarp rainforest on avian species. We compared the avian richness and diversity in different aged post-harvested hill dipterocarp tropical rainforest at the Berkelah Hill Dipterocarp Rainforest Reserve in Maran, Pahang, West Malaysia using mist-netting method. We captured a total of 1908 individuals representing 86 species and 29 families (i.e., 18.55% from two years postharvested forest, 25.10% from ten years post-harvested, 23.90% from twenty years post-harvested and 32.44% from thirty five years post-harvested forests). Forty nine species were caught in two years and ten years, 55 species in twenty years and 59 species in thirty five years' post-harvested forest. Seventeen species were common in all four types of forest. Pycnonotidae, Timaliidae and Nectariniidae were the most dominant families in all types of post-harvested hill dipterocarp tropical rainforest. Diversity analysis indicated that the bird species in twenty years post-harvested hill dipterocarp rainforest was most diverse (i.e., Fisher's Alpha Diversity Index; 16.34) and evenly distributed (i.e., McIntosh Evenness index E; 0.933) as compared to two years, ten years and thirty five years post-harvested forest. However, thirty five years post-harvested forest was richest in avian species (i.e., Margalef's Richness index R 1 ; 9.02) as compared to other post-harvested forest. The findings of this study revealed that logging and recovery process may affects on avian distribution and diversity. However, these effects may vary from species to species.

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Lilac-Crowned Parrot Diet and Food Resource Availability: Resource Tracking by a Parrot Seed Predator1

Cited by 108 publications

References 34 publications

Plant food resources exploited by Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) at an urban area in Central Brazil

Plant food resources exploited by Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) at an urban area in Central Brazil

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

Assessing the Effects of Logging Activities on Avian Richness and Diversity in Different Aged Post-Harvested Hill Dipterocarp Tropical Rainforest of Malaysia

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